ANU Research Publications

Permanent URI for this collectionhttps://hdl.handle.net/1885/26

The Australian National University's Research Publications collection is an online location for collecting, preserving and disseminating the scholarly output of the University. This service allows members of the University to share their research with the wider community. ANU Open Research accepts journal articles, conference papers, book chapters, working or technical papers and other forms of scholarly communication.

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Free and open-source machine learning workflows for co-creating national-scale classification models through country-driven QField surveys and Digital Earth Pacific
(2026-04-29) Metherall, Nicholas; Anderson, Jesse; Singh, Sachindra; Leith, Alex; Saipaia, Ahi; Fa’anunu, Lucy; Dhaja, Claudya; Waqa, Maivunijale; Biukoto, Elenoa; Lodhia, Shyam; Jackson, Naomi; Mlisa, Andiswa; Killough, Brian; Bernasocchi, Marco
This paper highlights the Free and Open-Source Software (FOSS) datasets, analytical tools and workflows used for co-creating localised national-scale machine learning classification models in Digital Earth Pacific (DE Pacific). The case study includes the participatory workflows used within the DE Pacific Land Cover Assessment Skills Transfer (LCAST) Workshop in the Kingdom of Tonga in 2023. The FOSS tools used were QGIS, QField, GeoPandas, ODC STAC-, Xarray, Pandas, Scikit-Learn, NumPy and Folium through the DE Pacific Analytical Hub Jupyter environment. These workflows supported participatory processes to gather inputs into the calibration and validation of machine learning workflows as seen in the Land Use Land Cover (LULC) examples of the LCAST workshop. The workshop held over one week in July 2023 included representatives from seven Ministries of Tonga. The methods covered the ‘full-cycle’ of workflows for generation of LULC models, from field survey data collection to computer labs for data processing and analyses. The results highlight the LULC mapping products, accuracy assessments, the workshop evaluation as well as the broader lessons learned about the intrinsic value of the participatory mapping processes. Since 2023, these workflows have been used in LCAST and similar country-driven workshops with more than 240 participants across 10 Pacific Island Countries and Territories (PICTs) or Large Ocean States (LOS) including Fiji, Republic of the Marshall Islands, Tuvalu, Palau, Cook Islands, Papua New Guinea, Vanuatu, New Caledonia, the Solomon Islands and the Kingdom of Tonga. These FOSS approaches may contribute to the long-term continuity of two-way learning processes and inputs needed for the co-creation, calibration and validation for modelling and mapping as well as the building of local capacity and capabilities in earth observations in the Pacific. The paper outlines these workflows in detail through a visual flowchart and provides access to GitHub for replication of results.
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Development, implementation, and evaluation of clinical practice guidelines, protocols, and pathways used in rural and remote Australia, Canada, and Aotearoa New Zealand: a scoping review
(2026) Arkapaw, Luke; Hines, Sonia; Byrne, Mary; Zaccagnini, Stefano; Mani, Nimali; Harvey, Gillian; Brand, Anthea; Black, Oliver; Smith, James A.
Objective: This scoping review examines the extent and type of evidence describing the development, implementation, and evaluations of clinical practice guidelines, protocols, and pathways used in the rural and remote areas of Australia, Canada, and Aotearoa New Zealand (NZ).Introduction: Given the role that clinical guidance resources (CGRs) can play in reducing health disparities, it is useful to understand what resources are being utilized in rural and remote health contexts and the robustness of the processes that underpin them.Eligibility criteria: Records were included from 3 high-income countries with rural or remote regions and First Nations populations. Eligible records clearly identified a CGR, demonstrated its endorsement or implementation in a rural or remote health service, and had the CGR as a primary focus of the evaluation. All health topics were considered.Methods: Following JBI methodology, searches were conducted in November 2024 with a research librarian across MEDLINE (Ovid), CINAHL (EBSCOhost), Emcare (Ovid), Scopus, ProQuest Dissertations and Theses, and Google for English-language records. Data were extracted using an author-developed charting tool and reported using descriptive statistics, tables, graphics, and a narrative summary.Results: Fifty-six studies met the eligibility criteria encompassing Australia (82%), Canada (13%), and NZ (5%). Publication types were journal articles (86%), conference proceedings (7%), institutional reports (5%), and 1 thesis (2%). The CGRs examined were clinical practice guidelines (50%), protocols (27%), pathways (21%), and 1 study examined both protocols and pathways (2%). Twenty-one studies (38%) evaluated CGR development, 52 (93%) evaluated implementation, and 17 (30%) evaluated both. Study approaches were mixed methods (32%), experimental or quasi-experimental (30%), qualitative (20%), descriptive observational (16%), and analytical observational (2%). The most common study designs were before-and-after studies (39%) and qualitative case studies (32%), which were often combined within mixed methods studies. CGRs were most commonly adopted from national guidelines (36%) and used without alteration. Other CGRs were newly developed (25%), adapted from other contexts (23%), or updated (16%) from previous versions, meaning 64% of studies contextualized CGRs for rural and remote areas prior to implementation. Among the 21 development studies, 14% used a recognized guideline development tool, 52% conducted a systematic review, and none reported a quality assessment of the resulting CGR. All 52 implementation studies employed more than 1 implementation strategy, 48% matched strategies to pre-identified determinants, and 44% were designed to address barriers at all levels considered (individual, organizational, and broader systems). The most common strategy categories were training and educating stakeholders (92%) and adapting and tailoring to context (85%). Implementation studies measured implementation outcomes (96%), health service outcomes (81%), and patient health outcomes (42%). The most common outcomes measured in each category were feasibility (52%), efficiency (90%), and clinical or health status (29%). Most implementation studies (88%) did not report using any theory, model, or framework.Conclusions: This is the first comprehensive review of CGR development, implementation, and evaluation in rural and remote regions of Australia, Canada, and NZ.Findings highlight the need for more rigorous CGR development and quality assessment, along with theory-informed implementation and evaluation to strengthen their design and utility.Review registration: OSF
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Epidemiology of child disadvantage and developmental vulnerability in Australia: Insights from linked administrative data
(2026) Gray, Sarah; Guo, Shuaijun; Pham, Cindy; Downes, Marnie; Lange, Katherine; Woolfenden, Sue; Redmond, Gerry; Priest, Naomi; O'Connor, Meredith; Badland, Hannah; Azpitarte, Francisco; Goldfeld, Sharon
Objectives Cross-sectoral linked administrative data provides a powerful tool for population-level evaluations of child disadvantage. We examined individual-and area-level indicators of disadvantage in early childhood in Australia and estimated their associations with children's developmental outcomes at school entry. Study design Cross-sectional study. Methods We drew on data from the Person Level Integrated Data Asset (PLIDA) involving children born in Australia from 01/01/2012 to 31/07/2013, who commenced full-time schooling in 2018 and participated in the Australian Early Development Census (AEDC) (N = 274,123). Individual-level disadvantage was measured using 22 early childhood indicators across four pre-determined social determinant lenses (sociodemographic, geographic, health conditions, and risk factors). Area-level disadvantage was assessed using the Socio-Economic Indexes for Areas (SEIFA), based on each child's residential address. Teacher-reported poor developmental outcomes were assessed at school entry (4–6 years) in the AEDC. Results The percentage of children exposed to different aspects of individual-level disadvantage ranged from 0.2 % (parental death) to 58.8 % (parental mental health issues). There was substantial variation in children's experiences of individual-level disadvantage by geography. The associations between individual-and area-level disadvantage and poor developmental outcomes varied, with the individual-level indicator ‘child not regularly read to at home’ having the strongest association (risk ratio = 4.06, 95 % CI: 4.00 to 4.11). A dose-response relationship was observed, with exposure to an increasing number of child disadvantage indicators associated with poorer developmental outcomes. Conclusion Addressing children's experiences of multidimensional disadvantage requires cross-sectoral strategies that combine universal and proportionately targeted supports responsive to both individual-and area-level needs.
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Basalt meets shale: The role of lava flow in the alteration of organic-rich host rocks
(2026-07-18) Marynowski, Leszek; Staneczek, Dorota; Dudzisz, Katarzyna; Derkowski, Arkadiusz; Brocks, Jochen J.
Organic-rich Miocene mudrocks from the Grabiszyce quarry (southwest Poland) provide a rare natural laboratory for investigating the short-term thermal effects of a basaltic lava flow on immature organic matter (OM) and mineral phases. Samples were collected along a decimeter to meter-scale transect from the basalt-sediment contact and analyzed using organic geochemistry, Rock-Eval, vitrinite reflectance, rock magnetism, and detailed clay mineralogy. Total organic carbon values are the lowest close to the lava contact (similar to 5 wt%) and increase to >10 wt% at distances greater than c.a. 0.3-1 m, consistent with thermal degradation of OM. Vitrinite reflectance increases sharply towards the basalt, from similar to 0.20% Rr to 1.38% Rr within 2-5 cm of the contact, whereas T-max values (425-430 degrees C) remain low or could not be determined near the contact due to very low S2 yields. Hydrogen Indices decrease from 180 mg HC g(-1) TOC in immature samples to as low as 6 mg HC g(-1) TOC at the contact. Molecular compositions show consistent loss of thermally labile compounds and enrichment in stable polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons towards the lava flow, while unusually unstable biomarkers (e.g., beta beta-hopanes) persist in thermally altered samples, reflecting kinetic inhibition during rapid heating. The preservation limit of tocopherols is constrained to similar to 0.3-0.4% Rr. Rock magnetic parameters show changes consistent with distance towards the lava flow. Enhanced formation of superparamagnetic magnetite within similar to 35 cm of the basalt is documented, which correlates well with PAH concentrations and biomarker maturity ratios. Furthermore, clay mineralogy reveals no illitization of smectite, despite elevated organic maturity, indicating a fluid-deficient, short-lived thermal pulse that is insufficient to trigger potassium-driven mineral reactions. These results demonstrate that OM and magnetic mineralogy respond more rapidly than clay minerals to brief, high-temperature events, highlighting a fundamental decoupling between organic and inorganic maturity indicators under contact metamorphic conditions.
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Does Rural Transformation Reduce the Gender Wage Gap? An Empirical Study of Sustainable Development in Bangladesh
(2025) Al Abbasi, Al Amin; Alam, Mohammad Jahangir; Saha, Subrata; Begum, Ismat Ara; Sheng, Yu; Rola-Rubzen, Maria Fay
This paper examines the impact of rural transformation on the gender wage gap in Bangladesh, utilizing longitudinal data from the Household Income and Expenditure Survey, covering all 64 districts across the years 1995, 2000, 2005, 2010, 2016, and 2022. Using Oaxaca–Blinder decomposition analysis and spatial autoregressive models with fixed effects, we analyze how shifts in rural economies, characterized by growth in high-value agricultural activities and nonfarm employment, are associated with changes in the gender wage gap. Results indicate a significant decline in the wage gap as rural areas transitioned to more diversified economies, with spatial effects revealing that rural transformation in one district can influence wage disparities in nearby districts. This study underscores the importance of addressing structural barriers, such as limited access to financial resources, markets, and agricultural inputs, as well as ongoing social and cultural restrictions that affect women's educational and employment opportunities. Aligned with Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 5 (promoting gender equality) and SDG 10 (reducing inequalities), policy recommendations include enhancing women's access to credit, markets, and agricultural resources, investing in women's education, expanding nonagricultural employment opportunities, enforcing anti-discrimination legislation, and promoting gender equality awareness to foster inclusive development across rural Bangladesh.
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Are public banks gaslighting on climate finance? Analysing policies governing gas infrastructure
(2025) Peterson, Maxfield; Downie, Christian
If climate finance is to be transformed, public and private finance directed to fossil fuel infrastructure, such as gas, must be restricted. Yet investments in downstream gas infrastructure, especially in the Global South, have surged underpinned by public financial support from Export Credit Agencies (ECAs). Since 2020, ECAs in G20 countries have provided more than US$$107 billion in financing for gas infrastructure and exploration, even while these public banks have introduced climate policies to limit financial support for fossil fuel infrastructure. We seek to understand the role of ECAs in financing international gas infrastructure. Drawing on a public database of ECA lending and a document analysis of ECA climate policies, we argue that ECA investments in the gas industry can be explained by exemptions in their climate policies, which are justified on security, technology, and development grounds. Further, these public financial flows undermine global efforts to limit emissions by locking in long-lived gas infrastructure. This analysis has important policy implications, including for how ECAs report and account for their emissions. Key policy insights Public banks in G20 countries continue to finance international gas infrastructure. This undermines global efforts to limit greenhouse gas emissions. The climate policies governing export credit agencies need to be updated, including by ending key exemptions for gas and accounting for Scope 3 emissions. International agreements that limit public finance for coal need to be extended to oil and gas.
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Optimal carbon storage during drought
(2024-12-01) Stefaniak, Elisa Z.; Tissue, David T.; Dewar, Roderick C.; Medlyn, Belinda E.
Allocation of non-structural carbohydrates to storage allows plants to maintain a carbon pool in anticipation of future stress. However, to do so, plants must forego use of the carbon for growth, creating a trade-off between storage and growth. It is possible that plants actively regulate the storage pool to maximize fitness in a stress-prone environment. Here, we attempt to identify the patterns of growth and storage that would result during drought stress under the hypothesis that plants actively regulate carbon storage. We use optimal control theory to calculate the optimal allocation to storage and utilization of stored carbon over a single drought stress period. We examine two fitness objectives representing alternative life strategies: prioritization of growth and prioritization of storage, as well as the strategies in between these extremes. We find that optimal carbon storage consists of three discrete phases: ‘growth’, ‘storage without growth’ and the ‘stress’ phase where there is no carbon source. This trajectory can be defined by the time point when the plant switches from growth to storage. Growth-prioritizing plants switch later and fully deplete their stored carbon over the stress period, while storage-prioritizing plants either do not grow or switch early in the drought period. The switch time almost always occurs before the soil water is depleted, meaning that growth stops before photosynthesis. We conclude that the common observation of increasing carbon storage during drought could be interpreted as an active process that optimizes plant performance during stress.
Access status: Open Access ,
Histories of the Schmitt Trigger in Handmade Electronic Instruments for Making Sound in the Arts: A Literature Review
(International Conference on New Interfaces for Musical Expression, 2026) van Gelder, Pia
The Schmitt Trigger was invented by biophysicist Otto Herbert Schmitt in the 1930s as a “simple hard valve circuit” that “provides off-on control with any desired differential from 0.1 V to 20 V.”[27] Schmitt was a graduate student at the time, stationed at a Marine Biological Laboratory working with large nerve axions of squid. Since its invention, applications of the Schmitt Trigger have proliferated, appearing in a variety of common technologies, popularly utilised for signal conditioning and to execute relaxation oscillators. The Schmitt Trigger is also a popular integrated circuit used in introducing people to building their own electronic synthesisers. This is evidenced in Nicolas Collins’ “Handmade Electronic Music: The Art of Hardware Hacking,” first published in 2002, with projects from “My First Oscillator” to various noise makers, all utilising the Schmitt Trigger. This paper presents findings from a literature review investigating histories of applications of the Schmitt Trigger in the making of instruments for sound art and music practices. Preceding Collins, resources include handbooks for practitioners that reveal the circuit’s cultural impacts and associated historical communities, while contemporary discourse in experimental practice have emerging thematics, some of which present curious parallels with Otto Schmitt’s own research interests.
Access status: Open Access ,
Comparing the safety and quality of video versus telephone telehealth using simulated consultations on fictional medications for an Australian community sample: a randomised controlled trial protocol
(2026-09-30) Jiang, Yangxueqing; Shou, Yiyun; Newman, Eryn J.; Christensen, Bruce K.; Reid Hobbs, Megan; Macqueen, Susy; Desborough, Jane; Butler, Danielle; Watts, Leanne; Phillips, Christine
Introduction Internationally, routine telehealth consultations have been extensively implemented in primary care in telephone or video-based formats. Despite this widespread implementation, few studies have compared information exchange quality in telephone and video-based consultations from consumer and clinician perspectives, nor have they examined related indicators of safety. This protocol reports on a randomised controlled trial assessing safety and quality of telehealth consultations across telephone versus video-based modalities for simulated consultations about a fictional medication. The primary safety outcome is patient-centred delayed memory recall accuracy as a proxy for medication-information safety. Secondary outcomes include immediate recall accuracy and quality outcomes captured through patient-reported consultation experience and outcome measures. Findings can be used to develop guidance for clinicians and consumers in their selection of the most suitable telehealth modality for medication discussions, ultimately improving primary healthcare delivery. Methods and analysis In this study, community participants aged 18–44 complete a simulated telehealth consultation with an actor-general practitioner (GP) through telephone or video, during which they learn about a fictional medication they are advised to take. Consultation safety will be reflected through participant memory of medication usage items including: frequency, timing, administration instructions, and side effects. Immediate memory will be assessed at the end of each consultation. After a 2-day delay, delayed memory will be assessed using structured recall questions. Consultation quality will be assessed at the end of each consultation through patient-reported outcome measures including: perceived therapeutic alliance with the GP, perceived empathy of the GP, behavioural intentions about medication usage, and risk perceptions regarding medication usage. Ethics and dissemination This protocol (ID: H/2024/1249) received ethics approval from the Australian National University Human Research Ethics Committee (HREC) on 14 November 2025. Protocol amendments will be approved by The Australian National University HREC. Study findings will be disseminated through publication in peer-reviewed journals, presentations at academic conferences, and via the study website. Trial registration and data statement The trial protocol including a full statistical analysis plan was prospectively registered to OSF (registration ID: osf.io/r6as3) prior to commencement of data collection. De-identified participant data, statistical code, and all materials used will also be uploaded to an online database.
Access status: Open Access ,
Distribution of Cardiovascular Disease Risk Based on the Updated 2023 Guideline-Recommended Australian Cardiovascular Disease Risk Algorithm and Comparison With the 2012 Algorithm: An Observational Study
(2026-09-02) Lazarevic, Nina; Bhat, Meghana; Joshy, Grace; Butler, Danielle C.; Woodward, Mark; Patel, Anushka; Jackson, Rod T.; Jennings, Garry; Wyber, Rosemary; Paige, Ellie; Banks, Emily
Objectives: To quantify cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk, and implications for targeting preventive pharmacotherapy, using the 2023 guideline-recommended Australian CVD risk algorithm, and compare this to the previous (2012) algorithm. Study Type: Application and comparison of two risk prediction algorithms. Setting and Participants: Data from 115,873 people aged 45–74 years without existing CVD, who had a clinical encounter between September 2020 and August 2022, recorded within MedicineInsight, a longitudinal primary care database covering 8% of Australian general practices. Main Outcome Measures: CVD risk distribution and risk categorisation into low-, intermediate- and high-risk groups under the 2023 and 2012 algorithms. Cohen's kappa and Bland–Altman plots were used to assess agreement and concordance. Results: Using the 2023 CVD risk algorithm and revised thresholds, 9.7% of participants were at high CVD risk (≥ 10% 5-year risk or clinically determined high risk); 26.4% were at intermediate CVD risk (5% to < 10% 5-year risk) and 63.9% were at low CVD risk (< 5% 5-year risk). Corresponding 2012 figures for CVD risk were 17.6% high (> 15% 5-year risk or clinically determined high risk), 11.6% intermediate (10%–15% 5-year risk) and 70.8% low (< 10% 5-year risk). Differences in proportions at high risk were largely driven by changes to clinically determined criteria for high risk. Overall, there was moderate-to-substantial agreement (linear-weighted kappa = 0.62) and concordance (Kendall's tau-b = 0.74) between algorithms. Conclusion: Proportions estimated at low risk and not routinely recommended pharmacotherapy align with international standards and were similar between guidelines. Although fewer people would be recommended pharmacotherapy due to being high risk under the updated versus previous guidelines, this likely reflects more accurate updated CVD risk estimation for the contemporary Australian population. The 2023 guidelines include a discretionary step (untested in our study) allowing adjustment based on additional factors. To ensure continued reduction of CVD burden across the population, we emphasise the use of this reclassification step by clinicians and consideration of the benefits of pharmacotherapy for those at intermediate risk.
Access status: Open Access ,
Canopy functional composition as an indicator of bird traits, taxonomy, and vulnerability in tropical Peruvian forests
(2026-09-25) Olah, George; Evans, Maldwyn John; Asner, Gregory P.
Tropical forests harbour exceptional biodiversity, yet anthropogenic change is rapidly altering forest composition and structure in ways that shape species’ ecological strategies and persistence. While advances in remote sensing now allow detailed characterisation of canopy function, links between forest functional diversity and animal traits remain poorly understood. Here, using linear model selection and variance partitioning, we test whether canopy functional groups (clusters of forest types sharing similar structure, chemistry, and phenology) predict variation in bird community (>1300 species) functional traits, life history traits, vulnerability, and taxonomy across Andean-Amazonian forests in Peru, accounting for a comprehensive baseline of environmental and structural predictors. Distinct forest functional groups are associated with distinct bird traits, levels of anthropogenic impact, and taxonomic assemblages, providing explanatory power beyond traditional abiotic gradients. For example, Southern Amazonian lowlands and Northern Amazonian Swamps contain large-bodied, slow-reproducing, and non-passerine-dominated assemblages. In contrast, Amazonian floodplains support small, fast-reproducing, and passerine-dominated assemblages. These findings underscore the potential of integrating habitat functionality with species traits to map critical resource landscapes and revolutionise conservation prioritisation strategies such as gap analyses.
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Immigration Detention: the Case for Contingent Abolitionism
(2026) Carroll, Nicholas George
This paper contributes to the emerging literature on the moral status of immigration detention. It begins by explaining that one of the wrong-making features of the practice of immigration detention is that it is a prima facie infringement of the right to not be detained. It proceeds to ask whether, in light of this wrong-making feature, the practice of immigration detention can be justified. First: this paper considers and rejects a series of arguments that attempt to morally justify the practice of immigration detention. Second: it develops a novel argument relating to risk management. The essence of this argument is that it is all-things-considered morally permissible to detain a migrant in immigration detention if they pose a serious risk of harm that cannot otherwise be feasibly mitigated. This paper concludes by explaining that the conditions under which this justification can be given are not normally satisfied in the actual world. And this, or so it is argued, ought to motivate us to become ‘contingent abolitionists’ in regard to the practice of immigration detention.
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Understanding considerations and priorities in health behaviours: A multi-dimensional risk–benefit perspective
(2026) Shou, Yiyun; Yeo, Joey Elizabeth; Pang, Alexander Shao Rong
Health behaviours and decisions are complex and involve different dimensions of individuals' lives. The current study aimed to investigate considerations and their priorities in health decision and behaviour adoption via a risk–benefit framework unifying elements of mainstream models of health behaviour. We aimed to explore the core dimensions of the outcomes being considered by people and individual differences in perceived importance across dimensions. Two studies were conducted among U.S. adult residents. Study 1 (N = 295) involved eliciting qualitative responses of the health decisions or behaviours that participants encounter in their everyday life, and ratings of the associated dimensions. Study 2 (N = 400) assessed participants' ratings of the importance of outcomes and dimensions across various health decisions and behaviours. Both studies revealed that people considered dimensions beyond health risk and benefit. The dimensions varied their priorities, with health and emotional outcomes being the top considerations. Participants also showed asymmetric considerations of benefit and risk within each dimension. The latent profile analyses in Study 2 also revealed two distinct groups of individuals in risk and benefit considerations across dimensions. The findings highlight that acknowledging individual differences in the weighting and evaluation of outcomes across domains is essential for more tailored health communication and interventions.
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‘Productivity consciousness’: constructing and contesting the neoliberal work ethic in the Australian context
(2025) Black, Joshua
Under the pressure of economic recession, and with the threat of long-term unemployment, Australia experienced a short-lived productivity upswing in the mid-1990s. More enduring, perhaps, was the enhanced political purchase of the concept of productivity, which alongside the more abstract notion of ‘productivity consciousness’, has been treated as an empirical measure and also a core rationale for both conservative and progressive policy design. More slippery and imprecise than is often implied, the concept of productivity and its neoliberal work ethic has not thus far been subjected to sufficient scrutiny and historicisation. Drawing on policy documents, media archives and social and political ephemera, this article traces the ways various groups of Australians–politicians, public servants, private sector workers, women workers, unionists and others–articulated and responded to the new ‘productivity consciousness’ that was supposed to drive the modern Australia. It shows that ‘productivity consciousness’, intended to be somewhat redistributive in its design, was ultimately opportunistic in its implementation. Moreover, while some workers resisted its promise of reward for effort, there was a substantial and receptive audience for messages about greater productivity and new work practices, intensifying individual industriousness.
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On the macro-political dynamics of conflict inflation
(2025) Proaño, Christian R.; Galanis, Giorgos; Peña, Juan Carlos
In recent times, the notion that inflation may be the result of conflicting claims by workers and capitalists over the distribution of income has experienced a revival in the academic and policy debate. Against this background, we investigate in this paper the macrodynamics of conflict inflation without and with the additional influence of the political sphere in an extended version of the baseline model of behavioral political cycles proposed by Galí (J Econ Behav Organ 212:50–67, 2023). By means of numerical simulations, we illustrate the reaction of main macroeconomic variables to the emergence of conflicting claims over the distribution of income between workers and capitalists, as well as their possible effects at the political sphere.
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Knowledge brokers at the interface of environmental science and policy: A review of knowledge and research needs
(2025) Cvitanovic, C.; Karcher, D. B.; Breen, J.; Badullovich, N.; Cairney, P.; Dalla Pozza, R.; Duggan, J.; Hoffmann, S.; Kelly, R.; Meadow, A. M.; Posner, S.
The largely negative impacts of human activities on social-ecological systems are becoming increasingly apparent. Efforts to address these impacts require effective knowledge exchange among researchers and decision-makers to facilitate evidence-informed decision-making processes. Despite this, however, examples of achieving effective knowledge exchange in practice are few. One solution to reducing barriers to knowledge exchange and building capacity for evidence-informed decision-making is through the use of knowledge brokers. Recognition of the role and value of knowledge brokers is becoming increasingly common in the environmental sector, but there are important gaps in understanding the divergent practices of knowledge brokers working to inform solutions to environmental challenges that hinder their successful implementation. To this end, we undertake a systematic map of the peer-reviewed and grey literature on knowledge brokering at the interface of environmental science and policy. We find that traditional conceptualisations of knowledge brokers are insufficient for capturing the true diversity of practices and identities that knowledge brokers can take. Instead, we show that within the environment sector, knowledge brokers, and the work they do, can take a variety of forms that are influenced by (among other things) the processes through which brokering roles were created, their mission, their budgets, and the contexts in which they work. In doing so, we also emphasize the ‘invisible’ work that knowledge brokers do, seeking to bring to the fore the range of activities that are central to supporting knowledge exchange, but often go unnoticed and are almost impossible to quantify. Drawing on our results and our collective knowledge, we outline a research agenda that articulates the most critical remaining knowledge gaps relating to knowledge brokering. Bringing these together, a core goal of this paper is to support and serve a growing global community of practice (both in theory and application) on knowledge brokering at the interface of environmental science and policy.
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Altered brain activity in unipolar depression unveiled using connectomics
(2023) Cash, Robin F.H.; Müller, Veronika I.; Fitzgerald, Paul B.; Eickhoff, Simon B.; Zalesky, Andrew
Over 20 years of neuroimaging experiments into aberrant task-based brain activity in unipolar depression have failed to reliably delineate a convergent set of anatomical regions. Here we examined whether study-derived coordinates might delineate a dysfunctional brain network in unipolar depression rather than isolated neuroanatomical foci, utilizing data from 57 studies with 99 individual neuroimaging task-based experiments, testing either emotional or cognitive processing (n = 1,058). We further assessed clinical relevance by computing optimal network-based personalized targets in 26 individuals who previously received transcranial magnetic stimulation for unipolar depression. Although coordinates were neuroanatomically heterogeneous, they localized to highly robust distributed brain networks. Importantly, these networks closely recapitulated clinically meaningful and independently derived models of depression circuitry, quantified by spatial correlation (P < 0.00002). Therapeutic outcome of transcranial magnetic stimulation was dependent on how effectively this circuit was targeted (P = 0.018). These findings indicate that neuroimaging findings in depression, which previously appeared irreconcilable, localize to highly robust and clinically meaningful distributed brain networks.
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Co-designing strategies to enhance engagement in telehealth exercise classes among cancer survivors: a participatory study applying identity leadership theory and introducing the SIGN framework
(2026) Short, Camille E.; Stevens, Mark; Cruwys, Tegan; Stratulate, Sarah; Jones, Tamara
Purpose: To identify and evaluate consumer-informed strategies that online exercise leaders can use to enhance engagement in online exercise classes for people living with cancer, using social identity leadership theory as a guiding framework. Method: We used a participatory design involving adults with a history of blood cancer. Fourteen participants attended online co-design workshops to generate strategies that online exercise leaders could use to demonstrate their engagement in the four aspects of social identity leadership. Twenty-nine unique strategies were identified and thematically grouped using both social identity leadership theory and inductive analysis. These strategies were then rated by 18 participants on their potential to enhance commitment and appeal (0–100 scales). Results: Strategies were categorised into four domains-The SIGN Framework: Social support and connection, Individualisation and inclusion, Goals, monitoring and feedback, and Novelty. The highest-rated strategies primarily fell within the Individualisation and inclusion and Goals, monitoring and feedback domains, including tailoring exercises, setting personalised goals, adapting sessions based on well-being, and providing regular feedback. These behaviours aligned with the social identity leadership process Identity advancement, whereby leaders act in the group’s interest by supporting group members’ needs and progress. Qualitative findings highlighted that leaders who validate individuals’ needs and preferences strengthen their sense of inclusion and group belonging. Strategies involving Social support and connection (e.g., establishing group rules) and Novelty (e.g., weekly themes) were appreciated by some participants but received more mixed ratings. Conclusion: Online exercise leaders who act in the group’s interest and offer personalised support may enhance engagement and group identification among cancer survivors. The SIGN framework offers a practical guide for translating social identity leadership into online exercise settings. Implications for cancer survivors: Supporting exercise leaders to apply social identity leadership strategies may increase motivation, connection, and long-term participation in online programs for cancer survivors.
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Towards 100% sky coverage, challenges and potential solutions for tip-tilt sensing in Laser Guide Star Adaptive Optics
(2024) Martinez Rey, Noelia
Though widely used in astronomy for atmospheric correction, Laser Guide Star Adaptive Optics cannot fully sense turbulence and requires a natural star, limiting sky coverage and observable targets. Proposed solutions and unresolved challenges are discussed.
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A Novel Framework for Reimagining Agricultural Heritage Tourism: Ancient Irrigation Systems in South Asia
(2026-04-20) Sumanapala, Daminda; Wolf, Isabelle D.
The Globally Important Agricultural Heritage System (GIAHS) was launched to conserve, sustainably manage, and enhance the viability of the world’s agricultural heritage systems. The Cascade Tank-Village Irrigation system in the Sri Lankan dry zone was recognized as a GIAHS in 2018. Sri Lanka has conserved and used this water system sustainably for more than 2000 years but has not yet capitalised on its potential for tourism. Therefore, this paper identifies innovation opportunities for developing agricultural heritage tourism in the dry zone of Sri Lanka with implications for other agricultural heritage sites worldwide. We adopted an innovation strategy framework to identify areas of innovation to develop for GIAHS-based tourism sites with a focus on product development, processes, management, logistics, and institutional aspects. We conclude by presenting a novel Agricultural Heritage Tourism Development Framework that highlights the critical elements necessary to consider for developing agricultural heritage tourism sites.

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