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Access status: Metadata only ,
Taking 'TA' beyond the binary: In search of multimodal gender-inclusive pronouns in Chinese
(2024) Davey, Janet
Few people are aware that Chinese has only had a gender-distinguished third-person pronoun system for a century (Huang 2009). Even now, the gender distinction of third-person pronouns is apparent only in written form: 他 ‘he’, 她 ‘she’ and 它 ‘it’ are all pronounced tā in Mandarin. In recent years, a number of gender-neutral or gender-inclusive pronouns, such as ‘TA’ and「⿰无也」, have been proposed. Yet little is known about the prevalence and perception of these pronouns. In this paper, I examine how third-person pronoun use is changing in contemporary China and place these developments in historical perspective. Drawing on survey data and Chinese sources, I sketch the history of the Chinese pronoun system, follow waves of debate about gendered characters, and explore how pronouns are currently used by queer Chinese speakers. I argue that the emergence of gender-neutral/ gender-inclusive pronouns, particularly ‘TA’, shows growing recognition of the utility of gender-neutral references, and accordingly, an effort to extend this beyond spoken Mandarin to other modes of communication. This is consistent with the narrative of Chinese pronoun use over the last century, with pronoun expression continuing to be shaped by similar multimodal and multilingual factors that influenced the introduction of 她.
Access status: Metadata only ,
Virtue Ethics and International Relations
(Oxford University Press, 2017-11-20) Ainley, Kirsten
Virtue Ethics (VE) is a way of thinking about how to behave well which focuses on the character of moral agents and the nature of the good life. This contrasts with dominant approaches to international ethics which prioritize the identification or development of moral rules or duties (deontological approaches) or the consequences of actions (consequentialist approaches). The relevance of virtue ethics to international affairs is established by setting out the critique of the dominant law-based approaches offered by VE and then exploring the positive contribution VE can make. Virtue ethicists argue that character and a concrete conception of the human good are central to ethics— that the right question to ask when working out what it means to be ethical is not “what should I do” but “what sort of person should I be?” The three central concepts in VE—virtue, practical wisdom, and flourishing—have not been applied systematically qua VE in international political theory or international relations, but their appearance in various guises in recent scholarship suggests avenues for future research. Four such avenues are identified, ranging from the moderate to the radical, which offer innovative ways to confront key ethical dilemmas faced in international affairs.
Access status: Open Access ,
Papua New Guinea: Kerema to Kanabea Patrol, 1972
Gordon-Kirkby, John William (1936-); Narrator: Jack Byram
Filmed by Jack Byram while on patrol. Not of a high quality but a rare pictorial record of the work of a patrol officer in infrequent contact with the Kukukuku people at that time. The 8mm film was copied to video by Jack Byram.
Access status: Open Access ,
IAEA safeguards : coping with uncertainty in international verification
(2015-06-30) Robertson, Kalman Alec
This thesis examines the process by which the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) verifies the compliance of non-nuclear-weapon states with the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty and comprehensive safeguards agreements. The verification process consists of two interlocking phases: (1) planning verification activities and allocating verification resources, and (2) analysing collected data and drawing conclusions. Approaches to the two phases of verification are of central relevance to current policy debates on the development of the IAEA’s ‘state level concept’ for safeguards and for the resolution of compliance issues in several countries, particularly Iran and Syria. The continued absence of a substantive definition of non-compliance, or even a well defined procedure for exposing non-compliance, coupled with the IAEA’s increasing differentiation between states in order to meet verification objectives with limited resources, leave the IAEA and its safeguards regime vulnerable to claims of being ineffective, inefficient, irrelevant or discriminatory. Safeguards experts acknowledge that the identification and clarification of principles for determining safeguards priorities and for deriving safeguards conclusions will be a crucial step in strengthening the non-proliferation regime. In addition to assisting the development of these missing principles, the results of this thesis have broader consequences for the structure and development of international verification organisations. The approach taken by the IAEA is constrained by uncertainties inherent in the nature of the information sources available, the nuclear choices of states, and international responses to alleged violations, as well as ambiguities in the choice of verification standard. This thesis argues that efforts to reform the structure and procedures of the IAEA should use these fundamental uncertainties as the logical starting point for critical analysis of the IAEA’s safeguards. From the standpoint of achieving the objectives of verification, these uncertainties can be effectively managed by applying the concept of risk governance. The result of application of risk governance is a procedure that acknowledges both the technical and the political components of verification, while simultaneously enhancing the transparency of the IAEA’s operation, the credibility of the verification assurance, and the timeliness of identification of violations. The concept assists with distinguishing the roles of the IAEA’s Secretariat (risk identification and risk analysis) and the international community of states (risk evaluation and risk treatment) in each of the phases of verification. The Secretariat should focus on the structured provision of technical information to states. This thesis proposes refinements to the state level concept and new ‘Automatic Notice’ procedure to transform the existing, potentially political bases for the allocation of safeguards resources into transparent and objective criteria. Once the Secretariat has reported the existence of unresolved anomalies in the implementation of a safeguards agreement, a declaration of non-compliance and any subsequent international enforcement action are political decisions and must be left in the hands of states. The Automatic Notice procedure clarifies the operation of the Secretariat when compliance issues arise. It also provides states, whether acting through the IAEA’s Board of Governors or otherwise, with opportunities to craft effective solutions to potential proliferation crises.
Access status: Open Access ,
South Australia, federalism and public policy : essays exploring the impact of the Australian federal system on government and public policy in South Australia
(Canberra : Federalism Research Centre, Research School of Social Sciences, Australian National University, 1996., 1996) Parkin, Andrew
South Australians enjoy, in an important constitutional and political sense, the status of dual citizenship.