Vietnam’s Environmental Policy: A 30-year Critical Review

Abstract

This article critically reviews Vietnam's environmental policy development and implementation from 1991 to 2021, focusing on water and air pollution. The review integrates findings from literature research and insights obtained through expert interviews. The results indicate that Vietnam has demonstrated a clear commitment to environmental policy by establishing a substantial body of regulations aimed at achieving environmental protection objectives. Political attention, international integration, and public demand for a cleaner environment drive these efforts, with support from development partners. However, enforcement lags behind policy development due to interagency cooperation issues and over-decentralization. Balancing environmental protection and economic growth is a national goal but lacks operational commitment. Limited resources pose ongoing challenges. To advance, Vietnam could centralize decision-making and integrate environmental protection into economic development for broader support. Achieving net-zero emissions by 2050 would reduce air pollution. This ambitious goal can be expedited through international cooperation. Show more