The gradients in the 47 Tuc red giant branch bump and horizontal branch are consistent with a centrally concentrated, helium-enriched second stellar generation

Abstract

We combine ground- and space-based photometry of the Galactic globular cluster 47 Tuc to measure four independent lines of evidence for a helium gradient in the cluster, whereby stars in the cluster outskirts would have a lower initial helium abundance than stars in and near the cluster core. For our first and second lines of evidence, we show that the red giant branch bump stars exhibit gradients in their number counts and brightness. With increased separation from the cluster center, they become more numerous relative to the other red giant stars. They also become fainter. For our third and fourth lines of evidence, we show that the horizontal branch of the cluster becomes both fainter and redder for sightlines farther from the cluster center. These four results are respectively detected at the 2.3σ, 3.6σ, 7.7σ, and 4.1σ levels. Each of these independent lines of evidence is found to be significant in the cluster outskirts; closer in, the data are more compatible with uniform mixing. Our radial profile is qualitatively consistent with but quantitatively tighter than previous results based on CN absorption. These observations are qualitatively consistent with a scenario wherein a second generation of stars with enhanced helium formed deep within the gravitational potential of a cluster of previous generation stars having more canonical abundances. Show more