The Australian Welfare State: Has Federalism Made a Difference?

Abstract

This paper examines the historical development of the Australian welfare state with a view to identifying the role that Australia's federal constitutional arrangements have played in shaping that development. Theoretical paradigms have been unanimous in their prognoses: that federal states are likely to be slow in developing welfare state programmes and typically spend less on them than unitary states. But recently it has been argued that federal institutions may have a "ratchet effect" of slowing down the pace of change, irrespective of its direction. The purpose of this chronological account of significant stages in the development of the Australian welfare state is to use the unfolding of historical events - far too rich in nuance and detail to be captured in quantitative modelling - as a test-bed for establishing whether, and, if so, to what extent, federalism has impacted on the trajectory of Australian welfare state development.