Qualitative and quantitative analysis of misaligned electrode degradation when welding galvannealed steel
Date
2018-04-07
Authors
Xing, Bobin
Yan, Shaohua
Zhou, Haiyang
Chen, Hua
Qin, Qing Hua
Journal Title
Journal ISSN
Volume Title
Publisher
Springer
Abstract
Electrode misalignment, induced from the flexibility of welding machine gun of spot welder or the potential poor fit-up, leads to the high tendency of expulsion and asymmetric nugget shape. Yet very few studies have focused on the influence of misalignment on the electrode degradation and microstructure evolution of the electrode, especially when welding galvannealed steel. This paper investigates the degradation of such misaligned electrodes when spot welding galvannealed steel. To reveal its mechanism, the electrodes welded with galvannealed steel were examined after 10 and 200 welds with the slight misalignment. The electrodes were found to experience more severe degradation compared to the results from previous studies with the aligned electrodes. The results from energy-dispersive spectrum (EDS) analysis further confirmed that δ-Fe–Zn phase, a barrier from galvannealed coating for isolating Cu and Zn formation, was not uniformly distributed on the electrode tip. As a result, the initial electrode pitting took place after 50 welds. Furthermore, electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) quantitatively analyzed the recrystallized grains of the worn electrodes, which underwent rotation under the asymmetric pressure distribution under misalignment. The calculated Taylor factor via EBSD mapping also indicated the declined portion of <111> grains accounted for the low deformation resistance of the worn electrode. Finally, electrode displacements were simultaneously collected in the experiments, of which the peak values accurately predicted the heat generation for each spot weld and accordingly predicted the electrode life.
Description
Keywords
Resistance spot welding, Electrode wear, Electrode misalignment, Electrode displacement, Electron backscatter diffraction
Citation
Xing, B., Yan, S., Zhou, H. et al. Qualitative and quantitative analysis of misaligned electrode degradation when welding galvannealed steel. Int J Adv Manuf Technol 97, 629–640 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-018-1958-1
Collections
Source
International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology
Type
Journal article
Book Title
Entity type
Access Statement
License Rights
Restricted until
2099-12-31