Plant neighbours, not consumers, drive intraspecific phytochemical changes of two grassland species in a field experiment

Abstract

Plants use chemicals to respond to their environments. Despite the impact of competition on plant productivity, few studies consider how plant–plant competition affects phytochemistry; most phytochemistry studies focus on plant–consumer interactions. It therefore remains unclear how plants chemically respond to changes in both competition and consumer pressure. We used 1H-NMR spectroscopy to characterize the phytochemistry (both primary and secondary metabolites) of a C4 grass (Andropogon gerardi) and a legume (Lespedeza capitata) in a field experiment. Both species were grown with intraspecific or interspecific neighbours (monoculture or 16-species polyculture) with or without a combined fungicide + insecticide treatment (consumers reduced vs. consumers present) in a factorial design. We measured species aboveground biomass, healthy plant cover (NDVI) and phytochemistry in the four treatments to determine whether plants alter their biomass, phytochemistry, or both in response to neighbours and herbivory. Phytochemistry of A. gerardi did not vary with neighbour identity or consumers, in contrast to A. gerardi biomass, which was higher under interspecific competition and when consumers were reduced. Phytochemistry of L. capitata was also unrelated to consumer reduction, though L. capitata had higher NDVI under reduced consumers. However, L. capitata had lower biomass and exhibited phytochemical signs of metabolic stress (lower sugars and higher amino acid production) when grown with interspecific neighbours. Theory and empirical work have focused on coevolution with consumers as driving phytochemical variation, but our results suggest that—at community scales—the competitive environment may be more important than consumer pressure in determining short-term phytochemical responses of some species.