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Hydrogen Epoch of Reionization Array (HERA) Phase II Deployment and Commissioning

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dc.contributor.authorBerkhout, Lindsay M.en
dc.contributor.authorJacobs, Daniel C.en
dc.contributor.authorAbdurashidova, Zuhraen
dc.contributor.authorAdams, Tyroneen
dc.contributor.authorAguirre, James E.en
dc.contributor.authorAlexander, Paulen
dc.contributor.authorAli, Zaki S.en
dc.contributor.authorBaartman, Rushelleen
dc.contributor.authorBalfour, Yangaen
dc.contributor.authorBeardsley, Adam P.en
dc.contributor.authorBernardi, Giannien
dc.contributor.authorBillings, Tashalee S.en
dc.contributor.authorBowman, Judd D.en
dc.contributor.authorBradley, Richard F.en
dc.contributor.authorBull, Philipen
dc.contributor.authorBurba, Jacoben
dc.contributor.authorByrne, Rubyen
dc.contributor.authorCarey, Stevenen
dc.contributor.authorCarilli, Chris L.en
dc.contributor.authorChen, Kai Fengen
dc.contributor.authorCheng, Carinaen
dc.contributor.authorChoudhuri, Samiren
dc.contributor.authorDeBoer, David R.en
dc.contributor.authorde Lera Acedo, Eloyen
dc.contributor.authorDexter, Matten
dc.contributor.authorDillon, Joshua S.en
dc.contributor.authorDynes, Scotten
dc.contributor.authorEksteen, Nicoen
dc.contributor.authorEly, Johnen
dc.contributor.authorEwall-Wice, Aaronen
dc.contributor.authorFagnoni, Nicolasen
dc.contributor.authorFritz, Randallen
dc.contributor.authorFurlanetto, Steven R.en
dc.contributor.authorGale-Sides, Kingsleyen
dc.contributor.authorGarsden, Hughen
dc.contributor.authorGehlot, Bharat Kumaren
dc.contributor.authorGhosh, Abhiken
dc.contributor.authorGlendenning, Brianen
dc.contributor.authorGorce, Adelieen
dc.contributor.authorGorthi, Deepthien
dc.contributor.authorGreig, Bradleyen
dc.contributor.authorGrobbelaar, Jasperen
dc.contributor.authorHalday, Ziyaaden
dc.contributor.authorHazelton, Bryna J.en
dc.contributor.authorHewitt, Jacqueline N.en
dc.contributor.authorHickish, Jacken
dc.contributor.authorHuang, Tianen
dc.contributor.authorJosaitis, Alecen
dc.contributor.authorJulius, Austinen
dc.contributor.authorKariseb, MacCalvinen
dc.contributor.authorKern, Nicholas S.en
dc.contributor.authorKerrigan, Joshuaen
dc.contributor.authorKim, Honggeunen
dc.contributor.authorKittiwisit, Piyanaten
dc.contributor.authorKohn, Saul A.en
dc.contributor.authorKolopanis, Matthewen
dc.contributor.authorLanman, Adamen
dc.contributor.authorLa Plante, Paulen
dc.contributor.authorLiu, Adrianen
dc.contributor.authorLoots, Anitaen
dc.contributor.authorMa, Yin Zheen
dc.contributor.authorEdward MacMahon, David Harolden
dc.contributor.authorMalan, Lourenceen
dc.contributor.authorMalgas, Cresshimen
dc.contributor.authorMalgas, Keithen
dc.contributor.authorMarero, Bradleyen
dc.contributor.authorMartinot, Zachary E.en
dc.contributor.authorMesinger, Andreien
dc.contributor.authorMolewa, Mathakaneen
dc.contributor.authorMorales, Miguel F.en
dc.contributor.authorMosiane, Tshegofalangen
dc.contributor.authorMurray, Steven G.en
dc.contributor.authorNeben, Abraham R.en
dc.contributor.authorNikolic, Bojanen
dc.contributor.authorNunhokee, Chuneeta Devien
dc.contributor.authorNuwegeld, Hansen
dc.contributor.authorParsons, Aaron R.en
dc.contributor.authorPascua, Roberten
dc.contributor.authorPatra, Nipanjanaen
dc.contributor.authorPieterse, Samanthaen
dc.contributor.authorQin, Yuxiangen
dc.contributor.authorRath, Eleanoren
dc.contributor.authorRazavi-Ghods, Nimaen
dc.contributor.authorRiley, Danielen
dc.contributor.authorRobnett, Jamesen
dc.contributor.authorRosie, Kathrynen
dc.contributor.authorSantos, Mario G.en
dc.contributor.authorSims, Peteren
dc.contributor.authorSingh, Saurabhen
dc.contributor.authorStorer, Daraen
dc.contributor.authorSwarts, Hiltonen
dc.contributor.authorTan, Jianrongen
dc.contributor.authorThyagarajan, Nithyanandanen
dc.contributor.authorvan Wyngaarden, Pieteren
dc.contributor.authorWilliams, Peter K.G.en
dc.contributor.authorZheng, Haoxuanen
dc.contributor.authorXu, Zhileien
dc.date.accessioned2025-05-30T12:29:22Z
dc.date.available2025-05-30T12:29:22Z
dc.date.issued2024en
dc.description.abstractThis paper presents the design and deployment of the Hydrogen Epoch of Reionization Array (HERA) phase II system. HERA is designed as a staged experiment targeting 21 cm emission measurements of the Epoch of Reionization. First results from the phase I array are published as of early 2022, and deployment of the phase II system is nearing completion. We describe the design of the phase II system and discuss progress on commissioning and future upgrades. As HERA is a designated Square Kilometre Array pathfinder instrument, we also show a number of “case studies” that investigate systematics seen while commissioning the phase II system, which may be of use in the design and operation of future arrays. Common pathologies are likely to manifest in similar ways across instruments, and many of these sources of contamination can be mitigated once the source is identified.en
dc.description.sponsorshipThis material is based upon work supported by the National Science Foundation under grant Nos. 1636646 and 1836019 and institutional support from the HERA collaboration partners. This research is funded by the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation through grant GBMF5215 to the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. HERA is hosted by the South African Radio Astronomy Observatory, which is a facility of the National Research Foundation, an agency of the Department of Science and Innovation. L.M.B. acknowledges that this material is based upon work supported by the National Science Foundation Graduate Research Fellowship under grant No. 2233001. J.S.D. gratefully acknowledges the support of the NSF AAPF award #1701536. A.L. acknowledges support from the New Frontiers in Research Fund Exploration grant program, the Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR) Azrieli Global Scholars program, a Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC) Discovery Grant and a Discovery Launch Supplement, the Sloan Research Fellowship, and the William Dawson Scholarship at McGill. Y.-Z.M. acknowledges the support of the National Research Foundation of South Africa with grant No. 150580. D.S. acknowledges that this material is based upon work supported by the National Science Foundation Graduate Research Fellowship Program under grant No. DGE-1762114. Any opinions, findings, and conclusions expressed in this material are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Science Foundation. M.G.S. and P.K. acknowledge support from the South African Radio Astronomy Observatory (SARAO) and the National Research Foundation (grant No. 84156). G.B. acknowledges support from the Ministero degli Affari Esteri della Cooperazione Internazionale-Direzione Generale per la Promozione del Sistema Paese Progetto di Grande Rilevanza ZA18GR02 and the National Research Foundation of South Africa (grant No. 113121) as part of the ISARP RADIOSKY2020 Joint Research Scheme. N.S.K. acknowledges support from NASA through the NASA Hubble Fellowship grant #HST-HF2-51533.001-A awarded by the Space Telescope Science Institute, which is operated by the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy, Incorporated, under NASA contract NAS5-26555. E.d.L.A. acknowledges the financial support of STFC. R.B. is supported by the National Science Foundation under Award No. 2303952.en
dc.description.statusPeer-revieweden
dc.format.extent29en
dc.identifier.issn0004-6280en
dc.identifier.otherWOS:001204550400001en
dc.identifier.scopus85190746749en
dc.identifier.urihttp://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85190746749&partnerID=8YFLogxKen
dc.identifier.urihttps://hdl.handle.net/1885/733754966
dc.language.isoenen
dc.rightsPublisher Copyright: © 2024. The Author(s). Published by IOP Publishing Ltd on behalf of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific (ASP). All rights reserveden
dc.sourcePublications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacificen
dc.subject21 cm cosmologyen
dc.subjectBase-line calibrationen
dc.subjectBeam variationsen
dc.subjectCosmic dawnen
dc.subjectFundamental limitationsen
dc.subjectI.en
dc.subjectImpacten
dc.subjectInterferometeren
dc.subjectPower spectrum estimationen
dc.subjectSkyen
dc.titleHydrogen Epoch of Reionization Array (HERA) Phase II Deployment and Commissioningen
dc.typeJournal articleen
dspace.entity.typePublicationen
local.contributor.affiliationBerkhout, Lindsay M.; Arizona State Universityen
local.contributor.affiliationJacobs, Daniel C.; Arizona State Universityen
local.contributor.affiliationAbdurashidova, Zuhra; University of California at Berkeleyen
local.contributor.affiliationAdams, Tyrone; South African Radio Astronomy Observatoryen
local.contributor.affiliationAguirre, James E.; University of Pennsylvaniaen
local.contributor.affiliationAlexander, Paul; University of Cambridgeen
local.contributor.affiliationAli, Zaki S.; University of California at Berkeleyen
local.contributor.affiliationBaartman, Rushelle; South African Radio Astronomy Observatoryen
local.contributor.affiliationBalfour, Yanga; South African Radio Astronomy Observatoryen
local.contributor.affiliationBeardsley, Adam P.; Arizona State Universityen
local.contributor.affiliationBernardi, Gianni; South African Radio Astronomy Observatoryen
local.contributor.affiliationBillings, Tashalee S.; University of Pennsylvaniaen
local.contributor.affiliationBowman, Judd D.; Arizona State Universityen
local.contributor.affiliationBradley, Richard F.; National Science Foundationen
local.contributor.affiliationBull, Philip; University of Manchesteren
local.contributor.affiliationBurba, Jacob; University of Manchesteren
local.contributor.affiliationByrne, Ruby; California Institute of Technologyen
local.contributor.affiliationCarey, Steven; University of Cambridgeen
local.contributor.affiliationCarilli, Chris L.; National Science Foundationen
local.contributor.affiliationChen, Kai Feng; Massachusetts Institute of Technologyen
local.contributor.affiliationCheng, Carina; University of California at Berkeleyen
local.contributor.affiliationChoudhuri, Samir; Queen Mary University of Londonen
local.contributor.affiliationDeBoer, David R.; University of California at Berkeleyen
local.contributor.affiliationde Lera Acedo, Eloy; University of Cambridgeen
local.contributor.affiliationDexter, Matt; University of California at Berkeleyen
local.contributor.affiliationDillon, Joshua S.; University of California at Berkeleyen
local.contributor.affiliationDynes, Scott; Massachusetts Institute of Technologyen
local.contributor.affiliationEksteen, Nico; South African Radio Astronomy Observatoryen
local.contributor.affiliationEly, John; University of Cambridgeen
local.contributor.affiliationEwall-Wice, Aaron; University of California at Berkeleyen
local.contributor.affiliationFagnoni, Nicolas; University of Cambridgeen
local.contributor.affiliationFritz, Randall; South African Radio Astronomy Observatoryen
local.contributor.affiliationFurlanetto, Steven R.; University of California at Los Angelesen
local.contributor.affiliationGale-Sides, Kingsley; University of Cambridgeen
local.contributor.affiliationGarsden, Hugh; University of Manchesteren
local.contributor.affiliationGehlot, Bharat Kumar; Arizona State Universityen
local.contributor.affiliationGhosh, Abhik; University of the Western Capeen
local.contributor.affiliationGlendenning, Brian; National Science Foundationen
local.contributor.affiliationGorce, Adelie; McGill Universityen
local.contributor.affiliationGorthi, Deepthi; University of California at Berkeleyen
local.contributor.affiliationGreig, Bradley; University of Melbourneen
local.contributor.affiliationGrobbelaar, Jasper; South African Radio Astronomy Observatoryen
local.contributor.affiliationHalday, Ziyaad; South African Radio Astronomy Observatoryen
local.contributor.affiliationHazelton, Bryna J.; University of Washingtonen
local.contributor.affiliationHewitt, Jacqueline N.; Massachusetts Institute of Technologyen
local.contributor.affiliationHickish, Jack; University of California at Berkeleyen
local.contributor.affiliationHuang, Tian; University of Cambridgeen
local.contributor.affiliationJosaitis, Alec; University of Cambridgeen
local.contributor.affiliationJulius, Austin; South African Radio Astronomy Observatoryen
local.contributor.affiliationKariseb, MacCalvin; South African Radio Astronomy Observatoryen
local.contributor.affiliationKern, Nicholas S.; Massachusetts Institute of Technologyen
local.contributor.affiliationKerrigan, Joshua; Brown Universityen
local.contributor.affiliationKim, Honggeun; Massachusetts Institute of Technologyen
local.contributor.affiliationKittiwisit, Piyanat; University of the Western Capeen
local.contributor.affiliationKohn, Saul A.; University of Pennsylvaniaen
local.contributor.affiliationKolopanis, Matthew; Arizona State Universityen
local.contributor.affiliationLanman, Adam; Brown Universityen
local.contributor.affiliationLa Plante, Paul; University of California at Berkeleyen
local.contributor.affiliationLiu, Adrian; McGill Universityen
local.contributor.affiliationLoots, Anita; South African Radio Astronomy Observatoryen
local.contributor.affiliationEdward MacMahon, David Harold; University of California at Berkeleyen
local.contributor.affiliationMalan, Lourence; South African Radio Astronomy Observatoryen
local.contributor.affiliationMalgas, Cresshim; South African Radio Astronomy Observatoryen
local.contributor.affiliationMalgas, Keith; South African Radio Astronomy Observatoryen
local.contributor.affiliationMarero, Bradley; South African Radio Astronomy Observatoryen
local.contributor.affiliationMartinot, Zachary E.; University of Pennsylvaniaen
local.contributor.affiliationMolewa, Mathakane; South African Radio Astronomy Observatoryen
local.contributor.affiliationMorales, Miguel F.; University of Washingtonen
local.contributor.affiliationMosiane, Tshegofalang; South African Radio Astronomy Observatoryen
local.contributor.affiliationMurray, Steven G.; Arizona State Universityen
local.contributor.affiliationNeben, Abraham R.; Massachusetts Institute of Technologyen
local.contributor.affiliationNikolic, Bojan; University of Cambridgeen
local.contributor.affiliationNuwegeld, Hans; South African Radio Astronomy Observatoryen
local.contributor.affiliationParsons, Aaron R.; University of California at Berkeleyen
local.contributor.affiliationPascua, Robert; University of California at Berkeleyen
local.contributor.affiliationPatra, Nipanjana; University of California at Berkeleyen
local.contributor.affiliationPieterse, Samantha; South African Radio Astronomy Observatoryen
local.contributor.affiliationQin, Yuxiang; University of Melbourneen
local.contributor.affiliationRath, Eleanor; Massachusetts Institute of Technologyen
local.contributor.affiliationRazavi-Ghods, Nima; University of Cambridgeen
local.contributor.affiliationRiley, Daniel; Massachusetts Institute of Technologyen
local.contributor.affiliationRobnett, James; National Science Foundationen
local.contributor.affiliationRosie, Kathryn; South African Radio Astronomy Observatoryen
local.contributor.affiliationSantos, Mario G.; South African Radio Astronomy Observatoryen
local.contributor.affiliationSims, Peter; McGill Universityen
local.contributor.affiliationSingh, Saurabh; McGill Universityen
local.contributor.affiliationStorer, Dara; University of Washingtonen
local.contributor.affiliationSwarts, Hilton; South African Radio Astronomy Observatoryen
local.contributor.affiliationTan, Jianrong; University of Pennsylvaniaen
local.contributor.affiliationThyagarajan, Nithyanandan; National Science Foundationen
local.contributor.affiliationvan Wyngaarden, Pieter; South African Radio Astronomy Observatoryen
local.contributor.affiliationZheng, Haoxuan; Massachusetts Institute of Technologyen
local.contributor.affiliationXu, Zhilei; Massachusetts Institute of Technologyen
local.identifier.citationvolume136en
local.identifier.doi10.1088/1538-3873/ad3122en
local.identifier.pure46e2c7e5-01c9-49d6-9b93-8aca3e42c4acen
local.identifier.urlhttps://www.scopus.com/pages/publications/85190746749en
local.type.statusPublisheden

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