The female role in the decline in fertility in Australia, 1861-1901

Abstract

During the second half of the nineteenth century fertility in Australia declined from a high level which was never regained. A similar decline was evident in many Western countries during the same period. This study of the role of Australian women in initiating the decline examines the effects of demographic and socioeconomic changes as possible explanations for the lowered birthrate. A review of some of the extensive literature is used to provide guidance in the choice of factors which, from overseas experience, might be expected to explain some of Australia's fertility decline. Evidence on the timing of the commencement of fertility control is reviewed, leading to a suggestion that, in Victoria in particular, the decline in marital fertility may have commenced earlier than previously was believed. Based on the content of contemporary newspapers and magazines, the role of women as mothers is shown to have changed, with a greater emphasis on the responsibility of women for the spiritual and physical care of their families. Statistical evidence shows the extent to which marriage became less attainable although, at the time, the problem was seen as socioeconomic, rather than demographic. As education became compulsory, the assistance formerly provided by young girls was no longer available to their mothers. At the same time, education provided options for women other than dependence on parents or husbands. From an examination of the role of feminism and its relationship to birth control and religion, it is concluded that organised feminism was not an important factor in initiating fertility decline. However, a rise in 'domestic feminism', or more equality within marriage, may have explained partially why the fertility of Australian women declined in the second half of the nineteenth century, although economic factors were also of considerable importance. Show more