Ng, Chin-Keong
Description
The maritime trade of the South Fukienese people was characterized
by wide geographic dimensions, popular participation, and their extraordinary
seafaring spirit. The expansion of trade between 1683 and 1735
brought the development of an interwoven coastal network centred at Amoy
to maturity. This network developed by the Fukienese was able to cope
with the commercial needs of coastal China and was the best that the
Chinese had organized up to that time.
Fukienese trading activities...[Show more] cannot be attributed solely to such
external factors as government policy or the burgeoning foreign trade.
Nor can it be simply explained by "push-pull" factors. All these interpretations
have long dominated the discussions of China ' s coastal trade
by modern scholars. This study suggests, instead, that a more useful
treatment should be based on the broad social context, analysing the
aspects of internal life in Fukien and showing the organic unity between
economic activities and social conditions . By surveying Fukienese
society from within, we shall be in a better position to appreciate
Fukienese initiative, their indigenous enterprise, creativeness and
achievements in sea-going activities .
In the rural area, the heartland of Fukienese society, the momentum
of commercialization stopped short of transforming a traditional agrarian
economy into a commercial economy based on cash crops. The Fukienese
rural society was agriculturally poor and the livelihood of its people
was largely subsidized by the income from extra-village activities.
Competition for such scarce resources as land had strengthened the
traditional lineage organizations (tsu) . The quest of organizational strength had also bestowed on dhe tsu a new feature of inclusiveness by
accommodating the non-kin members within the tsu structure.
On the extra-village scene , Arney served as a rendezvous where
people from different villages learned to become South Fukienese. Arney
was also the doorway to an extended maritime frontier. The expansion of
the Amoy trading network was accompanied by a massive emigration of
Fukienese, the opening-up of frontier land in Taiwan, and the establishment
of strategic outposts along the coast. The South Fukienese were
also able to gain supremacy in shipping where they transported bulky
commodities in long-range voyages.
During the first half of the eighteenth century, the coastal trade
of Arnoy was characterized by the active and wider participation of merchants
or shipowners with small or medium capital. On the other hand,
there were also such wealthy merchants as the rice and sugar traders in
Taiwan and the hang merchants in Arney. Overall, the interregional trade
catered mainly for the daily consumption of the general masses.
Within the Fukienese community itself , there were no pyschological
restraints against becoming involved in trading activities. Communications
between native scholars and the authorities provided a sound
basis for a better understanding and appreciation of maritime trade on
the part of the court as well as the officials.
In addition to their commercial skills, the success of the South
Fukienese was facilitated by their ability to establish personal relationships
with the officials and their willingness to cooperate with
other Chinese trading communities.
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