Hidden dragons : the archaeology of mid to late nineteenth-century Chinese communities in southeastern New South Wales
Date
2006
Authors
Smith, Lindsay Maxwell
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Abstract
Alluvial mining for gold was from fi rst to last the almost sole cause of attraction for Chinese
immigrants in the Australian Colonies during the mid to late nineteenth-century. The primary
goal that drew thousands of predominantly Cantonese speaking Chinese to the goldfields during
that time was the fulfilment of group duty rather than the pursuit of individual success. Gold
was a means to fulfil the social responsibilities of filial piety, to pay homage to one's ancestors,
glorify the lineage and elevate the status of the family.
Initial arrivals in Australia, and NSW, in the 1850s and 1860s were extremely well
organised through group employment arrangements, usually under the direction of a 'headman'.
During those years, large groups, sometimes numbering in the hundreds, traversed the land to
newly discovered goldfields. On their arrival at a new location with their limited possessions,
such groups established temporary tent camps, and new arrivals were naturally attracted to
existing settlements. As the Chinese population became settled their calico tents were
abandoned in favour of more durable huts, usually made from local material. Those settlements
functioned as homogenous and segregated communities, with many persisting as permanent
villages for up to 40 years, albeit in an ever-diminishing capacity, until the end of the
nineteenth-century.
Although almost ignored by history and lost to memory, these now largely hidden
Chinese goldfield settlements tenaciously endure in the rural Australian landscape as evidence
of the resilient community structure of the world's longest continuous civilisation.
Archaeological investigations have allowed this structure to be seen in the physical and
symbolic characteristics of several of those settlements in southeastern NSW, in their locations
across the landscape, their composition and in their material culture remains.
This thesis is the first to investigate and combine all of the elements that comprised mid
to late nineteenth-century overseas Chinese settlements in rural Australian locations, and to
compare them with each other at regional, national and international levels. It contends that such
settlements in rural southeastern NSW conformed to a highly codified hierarchical pattern of
community organisation in both a physical and perceived landscape. It asserts that the physical
landscape was imprinted with traditional material elements of Chinese community organisation
and the perceived landscape was imbued by its occupants with the symbolic animistic elements
of Chinese culture, including dragons, which were seen as integral to the welfare of such
communities.
This hierarchical pattern of community organisation, it is argued, was not only repeated
throughout the study area and at similar mid to late nineteenth-century Chinese settlements
elsewhere in Australia and overseas, but was also distinct and separate from contemporary
British-based rural settlements.
The establishment of such settlements in the 1850s and 1860s, their consolidation
during the 1870s and 1880s, and their gradual demise, with the resultant movement of remnant
Chinese communities into the predominant British settlement infrastructure of rural southeastern
NSW towards the end of the nineteenth-century is also evident in the archaeological record.
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Thesis (PhD)