Lyu, ZiyangSisson, S. A.Welsh, A. H.2025-05-232025-05-230090-5364http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85212761462&partnerID=8YFLogxKhttps://hdl.handle.net/1885/733752733This paper presents asymptotic results for the maximum likelihood and restricted maximum likelihood (REML) estimators within a two-way crossed mixed effect model, when the number of rows, columns, and the number of observations per cell tend to infinity. The relative growth rate for the number of rows, columns, and cells is unrestricted, whether considered pairwise or collectively. Under very mild conditions (which include moment conditions instead of requiring normality for either the random effects or errors), the estimators are proven to be asymptotically normal, with a structured covariance matrix. We also discuss the case where the number of observations per cell is fixed at 1.The authors would like to thank the anonymous referees, Associate Editor, and Editor for their constructive comments that improved the quality of this paper. SAS and AHW are respectively supported by the Australian Research Council Discovery Projects DP220103269 and DP230101908.23enPublisher Copyright: © Institute of Mathematical Statistics, 2024.asymptotic independenceCrossed random effectKronecker productmaximum likelihood estimatorvariance components202410.1214/24-AOS246985212761462