Ens, Emilie-JaneTowler, GillianDaniels, CherryYugul Mungi Rangers, AManwurrk Rangers, The2015-12-101442-8903http://hdl.handle.net/1885/57388Indigenous land and sea managers are working across Australia for natural and cultural resource conservation. Justifying the outcomes of effort to funding bodies, the broader public and local communities is thwarted, however, by language differences, lack of technical capacity and complex local socio-economic and political histories. This paper details ways that two remote Indigenous ranger groups are collaborating with non-Indigenous ecologists to address this situation using Indigenous and non-Indigenous (two-way) techniques.Keywords: biodiversity; cultural tradition; ecological modeling; environmental monitoring; indigenous knowledge; indigenous population; natural resource; participatory approach; political history; socioeconomic conditions; Arnhem Land; Australia; Northern Territory Biodiversity monitoring; Caring for Country; Indigenous land and sea management; Northern Australia; Participatory research201210.1111/j.1442-8903.2011.00627.x2016-02-24