Firth, Stewart2025-10-152025-10-152209-9557https://hdl.handle.net/1885/733789642Papua New Guinea (PNG) is an ‘artificial state’, that is to say, a state that did not exist either legally or in the minds of people before the arrival of Europeans. The modern country emerged in the 1970s from a long process of the drawing of its borders by foreigners: Dutch, German, British and Australian. The fundamentals of stable nationhood — a strong sense of nationality — were therefore missing at independence and still are.Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and TradeAuthor retains copyrightPaoua New GuineaBorders2025-10-1410.25911/HVHP-XB71