Li, XuankunTeasdale, LuisaBayless, Keith M.Ellis, Allan G.Wiegmann, Brian M.Lamas, Carlos Jose EinickerLambkin, Christine L.Evenhuis, Neal L.Nicholls, James A.Hartley, DianaShin, SeunggwanTrautwein, Michelle2022-10-170748-3007http://hdl.handle.net/1885/275558Bombyliidae is a very species-rich and widespread family of parasitoid flies with more than 250 genera classified into 17 extant subfamilies. However, little is known about their evolutionary history or how their present-day diversity was shaped. Transcriptomes of 15 species and anchored hybrid enrichment (AHE) sequence captures of 86 species, representing 94 bee fly species and 14 subfamilies, were used to reconstruct the phylogeny of Bombyliidae. We integrated data from transcriptomes across each of the main lineages in our AHE tree to build a data set with more genes (550 loci versus 216 loci) and higher support levels. Our overall results show strong congruence with the current classification of the family, with 11 out of 14 included subfamilies recovered as monophyletic. Heterotropinae and Mythicomyiinae are successive sister groups to the remainder of the family. We examined the evolution of key morphological characters through our phylogenetic hypotheses and show that neither the "sand chamber subfamilies" nor the "Tomophthalmae" are monophyletic in our phylogenomic analyses. Based on our results, we reinstate two tribes at the subfamily level (Phthiriinae stat. rev. and Ecliminae stat. rev.) and we include the genus Sericosoma Macquart (previously incertae sedis) in the subfamily Oniromyiinae, bringing the total number of bee fly subfamilies to 19. Our dating analyses indicate a Jurassic origin of the family (165-194 Ma), with the sand chamber evolving early in bee fly evolution, in the late Jurassic or mid-Cretaceous (100-165 Ma). We hypothesize that the angiosperm radiation and the hothouse climate established during the late Cretaceous accelerated the diversification of bee flies, by providing an expanded range of resources for the parasitoid larvae and nectarivorous adults.This research was supported by the Schlinger TrustEndowment to the ANIC. Thanks to James Lumbers(Canberra), Chris Cohen (Greenville), Ben Parslow(Adelaide), David Ferguson (Canberra), Ding Yang(Beijing), Tingting Zhang (Taian) and Gang Yao (Jin-hua) for collecting specimens. Thanks to Brian Cassel(Raleigh) for his help in the molecular lab. Thanks toJuanita Rodriguez (Canberra) for her help with theLTT plot and BAMM analyses. Thanks to OndrejHlinka for his help with the CSIRO supercomputer,and Bui Quang Minh for his help with IQ-TREE.Thanks to Rudolf Meier (Singapore), Torsten Dikow(Washington D.C.), Andrew Young (Guelph) andanother anonymous reviewer for providing importantsuggestions to improve the paper. Lambkin thanksQueensland Museum for supporting her systematicstudies. Thanks also to Conselho Nacional de Desen-volvimento Cient ıfico e Tecnol ogico (CNPq) for thegrant to Carlos Lamas (Proc. No. 302751/2019-0).A.G.E was supported by the National Research Foun-dation, South Africa (NRF:FBIP grant #110440)application/pdfen-AU© 2020 The authorsDipteradivergence times reconstructionlower Brachyceramaximum likelihood202110.1111/cla.124362021-11-28