de Crespigny, Rafe2018-11-162018-11-16http://hdl.handle.net/1885/149529This paper was presented to a Conference on Military Culture in Chinese History held at the University of Canterbury in Christchurch, New Zealand, in January 2003. It discusses material originally put forward in Northern Frontier. The annotations include references to some later publications. The paper may be read as a companion piece to "The division and destruction of the Xiongnu Confederacy in the first and second centuries AD," which discusses the history from a slightly different perspectiveapplication/pdf2003-01