Wang, SitongBai, XuemeiXiaoling, ZhangReis, StefanChen, DeliXu, JianmingGu, Baojing2022-11-162662-1355http://hdl.handle.net/1885/279699Urbanization has often been considered a threat to food security since it is likely to reduce the availability of croplands. Using spatial statistics and scenario analysis, we show that an increase in China’s urbanization level from 56% in 2015 to 80% in 2050 would actually release 5.8 million hectares of rural land for agricultural production—equivalent to 4.1% of China’s total cropland area in 2015. Even considering the relatively lower land fertility of these new croplands, crop production in 2050 would still be 3.1–4.2% higher than in 2015. In addition, cropland fragmentation could be reduced with rural land release and a decrease in rural population, benefiting large-scale farming and environmental protection. To ensure this, it is necessary to adopt an integrated urban–rural development model, with reclamation of lands previously used as residential lots. These insights into the urbanization and food security debate have important policy implications for global regions undergoing rapid urbanization.This study was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (41822701, 41773068, 41721001 and 71834005), National Key Research and Development Project of China (2018YFC0213300), Discovery Early Career Researcher Award of the Australian Research Council (DE170100423) and Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (2019XZZX004–11). The work of S.R. was supported by the UK Natural Environment Research Council (NERC) national capability award NE/R000131/1 (Sustainable Use of Natural Resources to Improve Human Health and Support Economic Development (SUNRISE)) and award number NE/R016429/1 as part of the UK-SCAPE programme delivering national capability.application/pdfen-AU© 2017 The Author(s)202110.1038/s43016-021-00228-62021-11-28