Yamauchi, ChikakoLeigh, Andrew2015-12-130272-7757http://hdl.handle.net/1885/70530This paper investigates the relationship between non-parental care and toddlers' behavioral outcomes using data from Australia. In particular, we explore heterogeneity in the relationship using the unique data on quality attributes: carer/child ratio, share of qualified staff, and expert ratings. The results suggest that full-time non-parental care, particularly center care, is negatively associated with toddlers' behavioral outcomes. The negative association is however mitigated when centers have a larger number of carers per child. The negative association between non-parental care and behavioral outcomes also appears to be larger for children with better-educated parents.Keywords: child care; child welfare; parental care; social behavior; strategic approach; Australia Child care; Early childhood; Quality; Selection201110.1016/j.econedurev.2011.07.0122016-02-24