Delgado-Friedrichs, OlafO’Keeffe, MichaelTreacy, Michael M.J.2025-05-232025-05-230108-7673PubMed:39558850http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85214320415&partnerID=8YFLogxKhttps://hdl.handle.net/1885/733752085Ladder graphs admit a maximum-symmetry embedding in which edges coincide. In folding ladders, there are no zero-length edges. We give examples of high-symmetry 3-periodic ladders, particularly emphasizing the structures of 3-peri-odic vertex- and edge-transitive folding ladders. For these, the coincident-edge configuration is one of maximum volume for fixed edge length and has the same coordinates as (is isomeghethic to) a higher-symmetry 3-periodic graph.8en© 2025 International Union of Crystallography. All rights reserved.folding-ladder graphsladder graphstransitivity2025-01-0110.1107/S205327332400956285214320415