Fisher, DianaDouble, MichaelBlomberg, Simon PhillipJennions, MichaelCockburn, Andrew2015-12-070028-0836http://hdl.handle.net/1885/20519Females often mate with several males before producing offspring. Field studies of vertebrates suggest, and laboratory experiments on invertebrates confirm, that even when males provide no material benefits, polyandry can enhance offspring survival. ThisKeywords: DNA; Genes; Performance; Non-genetic maternal effects; Polyandrous females; Post-mating sexual selection; Sperm competition; Biodiversity; DNA; female behavior; fitness; genetic structure; paternity; polyandry; reproductive strategy; sexual selection; sur200610.1038/nature052062015-12-07