Wijesundara, DanushkaJackson, RonaldRamshaw, IanRanasinghe, Charani2015-12-100818-9641http://hdl.handle.net/1885/56148Numerous human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 vaccines have been developed over the last three decades, but to date an effective HIV-1 vaccine that can be used for prophylactic or therapeutic purposes in humans has not been identified. The failures and limited successes of HIV-1 vaccines have highlighted the gaps in our knowledge with regard to fundamental immunity against HIV-1 and have provided insights for vaccine strategies that may be implemented for designing more effective HIV-1 vaccines in the future. Recent studies have shown that robust mucosal immunity, high avidity and polyfunctional T cells, and broadly neutralizing antibodies are important factors governing the induction of protective immunity against HIV-1. Furthermore, optimization of vaccine delivery methods for DNA or live viral vector-based vaccines, elucidating the immune responses of individuals who remain resistant to HIV-1 infections and also understanding the core immune responses mediating protection against simian immunodeficiency viruses (SIV) and HIV-1 in animal models following vaccination, are key aspects to be regarded for designing more effective HIV-1 vaccines in the future.Keywords: adenovirus vector; gamma interferon; glycoprotein gp 120; HLA antigen class 1; Human immunodeficiency virus antigen; Human immunodeficiency virus vaccine; neutralizing antibody; recombinant DNA; Simian immunodeficiency virus vaccine; unclassified drug; vr cytokines/chemokines; HIV-1 vaccines; mucosal immunity; prime-boost vaccination; T-cell avidity201110.1038/icb.2010.1182016-02-24