Rawlings, LouiseLooi, JeffreyRobson, Stephen2024-04-222024-04-220013-0249http://hdl.handle.net/1885/316997The COVID-19 global pandemic has triggered one of the greatest economic shocks in a century. Effective COVID-19 vaccines have been developed, but a proportion of people either are hesitant or refuse to be vaccinated, facilitated by a global misinformation campaign. If ‘herd immunity’ cannot be achieved, there is potential not only for ongoing surges in infection, but also for development of new strains of the virus that could evade vaccines and precipitate further health and economic crises. We review the economics of vaccination and of vaccine hesitancy and refusal, and their potential effects on the recovery from the COVID-19 pandemic.Open access publishing facilitated by The Australian National University, as part of the Wiley- The Australian National University agreement via the Council of Australian University Librarians.application/pdfen-AU© 2022 The Authors. Economic Record published by John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd on behalf of Economic Society of Australia.http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/202210.1111/1475-4932.126672022-12-25Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License