da Silva, ElizabethBaker, AlanAlShekaili, JalilaKarpe, K.M.Cook, Matthew2020-09-082020-09-081932-6203http://hdl.handle.net/1885/209754Background Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is associated with an increased risk of hepatitis B infection and impaired seroconversion to hepatitis B vaccine (HBV). Studies examining augmented vaccine schedules to enhance seroconversion have so far been inconclusive. Furthermore, the defects responsible for impaired vaccine immunity in CKD have not yet been identified. Methods We studied serological and cellular responses to HBV in CKD to identify a defect in vaccine-induced cellular responses that could account for impaired seroconversion in CKD and clarify the effects of an augmented vaccine dose schedule. We compared these results with responses to seasonal influenza vaccination (Fluvax). Results We found a clear benefit in rates and magnitude of seroconversion after an augmented 40mcg HBV dose schedule in CKD. This permitted comparison of responders and non-responders. Serological non-responders with CKD exhibited reduction in CXCR3+CCR6- CXCR5+ memory T cells at baseline. Unlike Fluvax, HBV elicited a poor plasmablast (PB) response. Both vaccinations induced activation of the CXCR3+CCR6- CCR7- subset of circulating T follicular helper cells (cTFH), although this response was impaired in CKD after HBV. Conclusions CKD confers a specific T cell defect that contributes to the impaired seroconversion to HBV.This work received support from the National Health and Medical Research Council; grant number 1016953 (MC); https://www.nhmrc. gov.au/ and The Canberra Hospital Private Practive fund (no grant number, no URL available); (MC and KK).application/pdfen-AU© 2018 da Silva et al.201810.1371/journal.pone.02044772023-10-22Creative Commons Attribution License