Thomson, RussellMcWhirter, Rebekah2026-01-012026-01-011064-3745PubMed:27896742https://hdl.handle.net/1885/733802039Relatedness within a sample can be of ancient (population stratification) or recent (familial structure) origin, and can either be known (pedigree data) or unknown (cryptic relatedness). All of these forms of familial relatedness have the potential to confound the results of genome-wide association studies. This chapter reviews the major methods available to researchers to adjust for the biases introduced by relatedness and maximize power to detect associations. The advantages and disadvantages of different methods are presented with reference to elements of study design, population characteristics, and computational requirements.16enPublisher Copyright: © Springer Science+Business Media New York 2017.ConfoundingCryptic relatednessFamilial structureGenome-wide association studiesGWASPopulation stratificationRelatedness201710.1007/978-1-4939-6613-4_1085000836807