Mumtaz, ZahidEnworo, Oko ChimaMokomane, Zitha2026-01-122026-01-120021-9096Bibtex:mumtaz2025caseORCID:/0000-0002-0037-9845/work/201885369https://hdl.handle.net/1885/733804177This paper argues for the integration of informal social protection into social policy theory and practice through a comparative analysis of informal mechanisms in Pakistan and Nigeria. In developing countries, especially in Asia and Africa, where formal social protection coverage is limited, informal social protection plays a crucial role in addressing gaps in the welfare system. The findings not only contribute to a comprehensive understanding of welfare systems but also support for the cohesive integration of formal and informal social protection, providing evidence for policy improvements in developing and less developed countries.15en© The Author(s) 2024.covariateidiosyncraticInformal social protectionNigeriaPakistansouth–south learning2024-04-2510.1177/0021909624124997585191233074