Rodger, Alison2026-01-022026-01-0297836421671199783642167126ORCID:/0000-0002-7111-3024/work/189446902https://hdl.handle.net/1885/733802117Definition Linear dichroism (LD) is the difference in absorption, A, of light linearly polarized parallel (//) and perpendicular (⊥) to an orientation axis (Michl and Thulstrup 1986; Rodger and Nordén 1997; Nordén et al. 2010). LD = A// – A⊥        (1) LD is used with systems that are either intrinsically oriented or are oriented during the experiment. The signal that is measured contains information about the orientation of subunits of the system relative to the orientation axis.3en201310.1007/978-3-642-16712-6_640105011806335