Liu, Yue-ChenHunter-Anderson, RosalindCheronet, OliviaEakin, JoanneCamacho, FrankPietrusewsky, MichaelRohland, NadinIoannidis, AlexanderAthens, J. StephenToomay Douglas, MicheleIkehara-Quebral, Rona MichiBernardos, RebeccaCulleton, Brendan J.Mah, MatthewAdamski, NicoleBroomandkhoshbacht, NasreenCallen, KimberlyLawson, Ann MarieMandl, KirstenMichel, MeganOppenheimer, JonasStewardson, KristinZalzala, FatmaKidd, KennethKidd, JudithSchurr, Theodore G.Auckland, KathrynHill, Adrian S. V.Mentzer, Alexander J.Quinto-Cortés, Consuelo D.Robson, KathrynKennett, Douglas JPatterson, NickBustamante, Carlos D.Moreno-Estrada, AndrésSpriggs, MatthewVilar, MiguelLipson, MarkPinhasi, RonReich, David2024-03-280036-8075http://hdl.handle.net/1885/316386Micronesia began to be peopled earlier than other parts of Remote Oceania, but the origins of its inhabitants remain unclear. We generated genome-wide data from 164 ancient and 112 modern individuals. Analysis reveals five migratory streams into Micronesia. Three are East Asian related, one is Polynesian, and a fifth is a Papuan source related to mainland New Guineans that is different from the New Britain–related Papuan source for southwest Pacific populations but is similarly derived from male migrants ~2500 to 2000 years ago. People of the Mariana Archipelago may derive all of their precolonial ancestry from East Asian sources, making them the only Remote Oceanians without Papuan ancestry. Female-inherited mitochondrial DNA was highly differentiated across early Remote Oceanian communities but homogeneous within, implying matrilocal practices whereby women almost never raised their children in communities different from the ones in which they grew up.This work was supported by grants from the National Institutes of Health (GM100233 and HG012287), the John Templeton Foundation (grant 61220), and the Allen Discovery Center program, a Paul G. Allen Frontiers Group–advised program of the Paul G. Allen Family Foundation. D.R. is an investigator of the Howard Hughes Medical Institute. T.G.S. was supported by the National Geographic Society and the University of Pennsylvania R.H.-A. and J.E. were supported by the Guam Preservation Trust andthe National Geographic Societyapplication/pdfen-AUCopyright © 2022 The Authors, some rights reserved; exclusive licensee American Association for the Advancement of Science.202210.1126/science.abm65362022-11-13