McManus, Donald P.Gray, Darren J.Ross, Allen G.Williams, Gail M.He, Hong-BinLi, Yue-Sheng2015-11-012015-11-011935-2735http://hdl.handle.net/1885/16182Schistosomiasis is a chronic and debilitating parasitic disease that has often been neglected because it is a disease of poverty, affecting poor rural communities in the developing world. This is not the case in the People's Republic of China (PRC), where the disease, caused by Schistosoma japonicum, has long captured the attention of the Chinese authorities who have, over the past 50-60 years, undertaken remarkably successful control programs that have substantially reduced the schistosomiasis disease burden. The Dongting Lake region in Hunan province is one of the major schistosome-endemic areas in the PRC due to its vast marshland habitats for the Oncomelania snail intermediate hosts of S. japonicum. Along with social, demographic, and other environmental factors, the recent completion and closure of the Three Gorges dam will most likely increase the range of these snail habitats, with the potential for re-emergence of schistosomiasis and increased transmission in Hunan and other schistosome-endemic provinces being a particular concern. In this paper, we review the history and the current status of schistosomiasis control in the Dongting Lake region. We explore the epidemiological factors contributing to S. japonicum transmission there, and summarise some of the key research findings from studies undertaken on schistosomiasis in Hunan province over the past 10 years. The impact of this research on current and future approaches for sustainable integrated control of schistosomiasis in this and other endemic areas in the PRC is emphasised.Funding for this work has been provided by: Wellcome Trust, National Health and Medical Research Council (Australia), National Institutes of Health (USA), Dana Foundation (USA), Howard Hughes Medical Institute (USA), the Sandler Foundation (USA), and the Chinese Government (The National Important Project on Science and Technology (grant no. 2009ZX10004-906)). YSL is an Australian Research Council Future Fellow and an International Research Scholar of the Howard Hughes Medical Institute. DPM is an Australian National Health and Medical Research Council Senior Principal Research Fellow. DJG is a Griffith University Postdoctoral Research Fellow.9 pages© 2011 McManus et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.animalschinaendemic diseasesfresh waterhumansneglected diseasesschistosoma japonicumschistosomiasis2011-08-3010.1371/journal.pntd.00010532015-12-10