Nakagawa, ShinichiSenior, AlistairViechtbauer, WolfgangNoble, Daniel WA2023-06-010012-9658http://hdl.handle.net/1885/292303Recently, Song et al. (2020) conducted a simulation study using different methods to deal with non-independence resulting from effect sizes originating from the same paper – a common occurrence in ecological meta-analyses. The main methods that were of interest in their simulations were: 1) a standard random-effects model used in combination with a weighted average effect size for each paper (i.e., a two-step method), 2) a standard random-effects model after randomly choosing one effect size per paper, 3) a multilevel (hierarchical) meta-analysis model, modelling paper identity as a random factor, and 4) a meta-analysis making use of a robust variance estimation method. Based on their simulation results, they recommend that meta-analysts should either use the two-step method, which involves taking a weighted paper mean followed by analysis with a random-effects model, or the robust variance estimation method.SN and DWAN are supported by an Australian ResearchCouncil (ARC) Discovery grant (DP200100367). AMS is sup-ported by an ARC fellowship (DE180101520).application/pdfen-AU© 2021 by the Ecological Society of America202210.1002/ecy.34902022-03-27