Sargeson, SallyJacka, Tamara2021-11-041467-7660http://hdl.handle.net/1885/251579The premise that increasing the number of women in government improves the representation of women's views and needs continues to motivate ef­forts in developing countries to raise the proportion of women in political office by means of gender-differentiating ideologies and gender-affirmative actions. This article raises the concern that a focus on boosting women's descriptive representation distracts attention from other interventions that potentially might be more effective in improving women's substalllive rep­resentation. The article theoretically compares factors that have the potential to affect the two dimensions of representation, and empirically investigates which of these arc conducive to women's substantive representation in com­munity government. Based on case studies of villages in one rich and one poor province of China, the authors conclude that higher democratic quality, combined with stronger financial resources and institutions, produce greater improvements in women's substantive representation than gender ideolo­gies and affinnativc actions. This finding challenges the strategics used by development agencies, and identifies factors \\ ith the potential to improve women's representation in government, even in one-party states.Australian Research Council. Grant Number: DP120104353application/pdfen-AU© 2017 International Institute of Social Studies2017-12-2610.1111/dech.123772020-11-23