Pruitt, RoryJoe, AnnaZhang, WeiguoFeng, WeiStewart, ValleySchwessinger, BenjaminDinneny, Jose R.Ronald, Pamela2021-04-290028-646Xhttp://hdl.handle.net/1885/231116The biotrophic pathogen Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo) produces a sulfated peptide named RaxX, which shares similarity to peptides in the PSY (plant peptide containing sulfated tyrosine) family. We hypothesize that RaxX mimics the growth-stimulating activity of PSY peptides. Root length was measured in Arabidopsis and rice treated with synthetic RaxX peptides. We also used comparative genomic analyses and reactive oxygen species burst assays to evaluate the activity of RaxX and PSY peptides. Here we found that a synthetic sulfated RaxX derivative comprising 13 residues (RaxX13-sY), highly conserved between RaxX and PSY, induces root growth in Arabidopsis and rice in a manner similar to that triggered by PSY. We identified residues that are required for activation of immunity mediated by the rice XA21 receptor but that are not essential for root growth induced by PSY. Finally, we showed that a Xanthomonas strain lacking raxX is impaired in virulence. These findings suggest that RaxX serves as a molecular mimic of PSY peptides to facilitate Xoo infection and that XA21 has evolved the ability to recognize and respond specifically to the microbial form of the peptide.This work was supported by NIH GM59962 and NSF IOS1237975. The work conducted by the Joint BioEnergy Institute was supported by the Office of Science, Office of Biological and Environmental Research, of the US Department of Energy under contract no. DE-AC02-05CH11231application/pdfen-AU© 2017 UT-Battelle LLC New Phytologist © 2017 New Phytologist Trustmolecular mimicryPSY1RaxXroot growthtyrosine-sulfated peptideXA21Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae201710.1111/nph.146092020-11-23