Walker, Wendy EKurscheid, SebastianJoshi, SamitLopez, Charlie AGoh, GeraldChoi, MurimBarakat, Lydia AFrancis, JohnFisher, AnnKozal, Maichael JZapata, Heidi JShaw, Albert CLifton, Richard PSutton , Richard EFikrig, Erol2018-11-292018-11-290022-538Xhttp://hdl.handle.net/1885/152342Elite controllers (ECs) are a rare group of HIV seropositive individuals who are able to control viral replication without antiretroviral therapy. The mechanisms responsible for this phenotype, however, have not been fully elucidated. In this study, we examined CD4+ T cell resistance to HIV in a cohort of elite controllers and explored transcriptional signatures associated with cellular resistance. We demonstrate that a subgroup of elite controllers possess CD4+ T cells that are specifically resistant to R5-tropic HIV while remaining fully susceptible to X4-tropic and vesicular stomatitis virus G (VSV-G)-pseudotyped viruses. Transcriptome analysis revealed 17 genes that were differentially regulated in resistant elite controllers relative to healthy controls. Notably, the genes encoding macrophage inflammatory protein 1α (MIP-1α), CCL3 and CCL3L1, were found to be upregulated. The MIP-1α, MIP-1β, and RANTES chemokines are natural ligands of CCR5 and are known to interfere with HIV replication. For three elite controllers, we observed increased production of MIP-1α and/or MIP-1β at the protein level. The supernatant from resistant EC cells contained MIP-1α and MIP-1β and was sufficient to confer R5-tropic resistance to susceptible CD4+ T cells. Additionally, this effect was reversed by using inhibitory anti-MIP antibodies. These results suggest that the T cells of these particular elite controllers may be naturally resistant to HIV infection by blocking R5-tropic viral entryapplication/pdfKeywords: macrophage inflammatory protein 1alpha; macrophage inflammatory protein 1beta; RANTES; beta chemokine; CCL3 protein, human; CCL3L1 protein, human; CCL4 protein, human; CCL5 protein, human; CCR5 protein, human; chemokine receptor CCR5; chemokine receptor C201510.1128/JVI.00118-152018-11-29