Cui, Tie JunZhang, ShuangAlù, AndreaWegener, MartinPendry, Sir JohnLuo, JieLai, YunWang, ZuojiaLin, XiaoChen, HongshengChen, PingWu, Rui XinYin, YuhangZhao, PengfeiChen, HuanyangLi, YueZhou, ZihengEngheta, NaderAsadchy, ViktarSimovski, ConstantinTretyakov, SergeiYang, BiaoCampbell, Sawyer D.Hao, YangWerner, Douglas H.Sun, ShulinZhou, LeiXu, SuSun, Hong BoZhou, ZhouLi, ZileZheng, GuoxingChen, XianzhongLi, TaoZhu, ShiningZhou, JunxiaoZhao, JunxiangLiu, ZhaoweiZhang, YuchaoZhang, QimingGu, MinXiao, ShuminLiu, YongminZhang, XianzheTang, YutaoLi, GuixinZentgraf, ThomasKoshelev, KirillKivshar, YuriLi, XinBadloe, TrevonHuang, LinglingRho, JunsukWang, ShumingTsai, Din PingBykov, A. YuKrasavin, A. V.Zayats, A. V.McDonnell, CormacEllenbogen, TalLuo, XiangangPu, MingboGarcia-Vidal, Francisco J.Liu, LiangliangLi, ZhuoTang, WenxuanMa, Hui FengZhang, JingjingLuo, YuZhang, XuanruZhang, Hao ChiHe, Pei HangZhang, Le PengWan, XiangWu, HaotianLiu, ShuoJiang, Wei XiangZhang, Xin GeQiu, Cheng WeiMa, QianLiu, CheLi, LongHan, JiaqiLi, LianlinCotrufo, MicheleCaloz, C.Deck-Léger, Z. L.Bahrami, A.Céspedes, O.Galiffi, E.Huidobro, P. A.Cheng, QiangDai, Jun YanKe, Jun ChengZhang, LeiGaldi, Vincenzodi Renzo, Marco2025-05-232025-05-23ORCID:/0000-0002-3410-812X/work/184104874http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85194080120&partnerID=8YFLogxKhttps://hdl.handle.net/1885/733751859TJC acknowledges the supports from the Basic Scientific Center of Information Metamaterials of the National Natural Science Foundation of China (62288101), the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2017YFA0700201, 2017YFA0700202, and 2017YFA0700203), the Major Project of Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province (BK20212002), and the National Natural Science Foundation of China for Basic Science Center of Information Metamaterials. A A acknowledges support from the Department of Defense, the National Science Foundation and the Simons Foundation. National Key R&D Program of China (Grant Nos. 2020YFA0211300, 2017YFA0303702) National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 11974176, 12174188), the Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions (PAPD). This work at Zhejiang University was partly sponsored by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC) under Grant Nos. 61625502, 11961141010, 61975176, 62175212 and 62171407, the Top-Notch Young Talents Program of China, the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (2021FZZX001-19), and Zhejiang University Global Partnership Fund. This work is supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC) (61771237) and partially by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Technique for Manipulating Electromagnetic Waves. This work was supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (Grant No. 2020YFA0710100), the National Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 92050102), and the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (Grant No. 20720220033). The research of M W has been funded by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG, German Research Foundation) under Germany\u2019s Excellence Strategy via the Excellence Cluster \u20183D Matter Made to Order\u2019 (EXC-2082/1-390761711), which has also been supported by the Carl Zeiss Foundation through the \u2018Carl-Zeiss-Foundation-Focus@HEiKA\u2019, by the State of Baden-W\u00FCrttemberg, by the Helmholtz Association, and by the Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT). It has been further funded by the Helmholtz program \u2018Materials Systems Engineering\u2019, by the Max Planck School of Photonics, by the Karlsruhe School of Optics & Photonics (KSOP), by the Alexander von Humboldt foundation, and by the Hector Fellow Academy. Y L acknowledges partial support from National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC) under Grant 62022045. Z Z acknowledges partial support from NSFC under Grant 62301162. This work was supported in part by Horizon 2020 Action Projects 648783 (TOPOLOGICAL), 734578 (D-SPA), and 777714 (NOCTORNO); the Research Grants Council of Hong Kong (AoE/P-502/20). S D C and D H W were supported in part by Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) under Award Numbers HR00111720032 and HR00112110016. D H W also gratefully acknowledges support from the John L and Genevieve H McCain endowed chair professorship at the Pennsylvania State University. Y H would like to thank IET AF Harvey Research Prize and UK EPSRC for funding \u2018Software defined materials for dynamic control of electromagnetic waves (ANIMATE)\u2019 research (EP/R035393/1). The authors acknowledge the financial support from National Key Research and Development Program of China (2020YFA0710100, 2017YFA0303504), National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 11874118, 91850101, 11734007, 62192771), and Shanghai Science and Technology Committee (Grant No. 20JC1414601). This work at Jilin University was sponsored by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC) Grant Nos. 61805097, 61935015 and 62175083. S X acknowledges the Support from Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities. The authors acknowledge the financial support from National Key Research and Development Program of China (2020YFA0710100 and 2017YFA0303504), National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 11874118, 91850101, 11734007 and 62192771), and Shanghai Science and Technology Committee (Grant No. 20JC1414601). The authors acknowledge the financial support from The National Key R&D Program of China (2022YFA1404301), National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 12174186, 92250304 and 62288101). Tao Li thanks the support from Dengfeng Project B of Nanjing University. This work was sponsored by Shanghai Pujiang Program (No. 21PJ1411200), National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 61975123), Zhangjiang National Innovation Demonstration Zone (No. ZJ2019-ZD-005), Shanghai Frontiers Science Center Program 2021\u20132025 (No. 20), and Pilot Project from Shanghai Commission for Science and Technology (No. 21DZ1100500). I would like to thank my past and present group members and collaborators for their work on the topic of active metasurfaces. The authors acknowledge the financial support from the National Science Foundation (CBET-1931777, ECCS-2136168 and DMR-1654192). G L would like to acknowledge the financial supports from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (91950114). This work was supported by the Australian Research Council (Grants DP200101168 and DP210101292). L H acknowledges the funding provided by Beijing Outstanding Young Scientist Program (BJJWZYJH01201910007022), National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 61775019 and 92050117) program, and Fok Ying-Tong Education Foundation of China (No. 161009). J R acknowledges the POSCO-POSTECH-RIST Convergence Research Center program funded by POSCO, and the National Research Foundation (NRF) grant (NRF-2022M3C1A3081312) funded by the Ministry of Science and ICT (MSIT) of the Korean government. X L acknowledges the support from Beijing Institute of Technology Research Fund Program for Young Scholars (XSQD-201904005). T B acknowledges the Institute of Information & Communications Technology Planning & Evaluation (IITP) grant (No. 2019-0-01906, the POSTECH Artificial Intelligence Graduate School program) funded by the MSIT of the Korean government. This work was supported by the European Research Council project iCOMM (789340) and UK EPSRC (EP/W017075/1). The authors should like to acknowledge the European Research Council (ERC) for the funding received under the European Union\u2019s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program (Grant Agreement No. 715362). This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 61975210 and U20A20217). This work is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 61771238, 61871215 and 61701246); the Fund of Prospective Layout of Scientific Research for NUAA (Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics); the Fund of Qing Lan Project of Jiangsu Province. This work is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (61971134, 61631007, 62071117 and 61831006), the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (2242021R41078), and the 111 Project (111-2-05). We acknowledge funding support from National Natural Science Foundation of China (62271139, U21A20459, 61871127), Singapore Ministry of Education (MOE2018-T2-2-189(S)), A\u2217Star AME IRG Grant (A20E5c0095) and Programmatic Funds (A18A7b0058), National Research Foundation Singapore Competitive Research Program (NRF220 CRP22-2019-0006 and NRF-CRP23-2019-0007). The authors acknowledge the financial support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grants 61701108 and 62288101, the National Key Research and Development Program of China under Grants 2017YFA0700201, 2017YFA0700202 and 2017YFA0700203, and the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities under Grant 2242021k30047. This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (62288101), National Key Research and Development Program of China (2017YFA0700201, 2017YFA0700202 and 2017YFA0700203), and Major Project of Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province (BK20212002). This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (62288101), and the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2017YFA0700201, 2017YFA0700202 and 2017YFA0700203). This work was supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2017YFA0700201 and 2017YFA0700203), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (61890544, 61731010 and 11874142), the National Postdoctoral Program for Innovative Talents (BX2021063), the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (2242021k30040), and the 111 Project (111-2-05). This work was supported in part from the National Key Research and Development Program of China under Grant Nos. 2017YFA0700201, 2017YFA0700202 and 2017YFA0700203, the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant Nos. 61871127, 61735010, 61731010, 61890544, 61801117, 61722106, 61701107, 61701108, 61701246 and 61631007, the State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves, Southeast University, China (K201924), the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities under Grant No. 2242018R30001, the 111 Project under Grant No. 111-2-05, and the Fund for International Cooperation and Exchange of the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant No. 61761136007. The authors acknowledge the National Key Research and Development Program of China under Grant Nos. 2017YFA0700201, 2017YFA0700202, 2017YFA0700203 and 2021YFA1401001, and the 111 Project under Grant No. 111-2-05, National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 62001342), Key Research and Development Program of Shaanxi (No. 2021TD-07), Outstanding Youth Science Foundation of Shaanxi Province (No. 2019JC-15). Our research on these topics has been supported by the Air Force Office of Scientific Research MURI program and the Simons Foundation. E G acknowledges funding from the Simons Foundation (855344, E G). P A H acknowledges funding from Funda\u00E7\u00E3o para a Ciencia e a Tecnologia and Instituto de Telecomunica\u00E7\u00F5es under Project UIDB/50008/2020 as well as from the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation through the Ram\u00F3n y Cajal program (Grant No. RYC2021-031568-I), through Project No. PID2022-141036NA-I00 financed by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/ 501100011033 and FSE+) and from the Mar\u00EDa de Maeztu Programme for Units of Excellence in R&D (Grant No. CEX2018-000805-M). A A\u2019s work on these topics is supported by the Department of Defense and the Simons Foundation. J B P acknowledges funding from the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation. This work is supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2018YFA0701904, 2017YFA0700201, 2017YFA0700202 and 2017YFA0700203), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (61731010 and 62288101). This work was supported by the National Postdoctoral Program for Innovative Talents (BX2021062), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (62101123 and 62288101), the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (2020M680062) and the Jiangsu Planned Projects for Postdoctoral Research Funds (2021K058A). The authors would like to acknowledge the National Key Research and Development Program of China under Grant Nos. 2017YFA0700201, 2017YFA0700202, 2017YFA0700203 and 2018YFA0701904; the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant Nos. 61731010 and 62288101, the 111 Project under Grant No. 111-2-05, the Jiangsu Province Frontier Leading Technology Basic Research Project under Grant No. BK20212002, and the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities under Grant No. 2242022k30004. The research of M W has been funded by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG, German Research Foundation) under Germany\u2019s Excellence Strategy via the Excellence Cluster \u20183D Matter Made to Order\u2019 (EXC-2082/1-390761711), which has also been supported by the Carl Zeiss Foundation through the \u2018Carl-Zeiss-Foundation-Focus@HEiKA\u2019, by the State of Baden-W\u00FCrttemberg, by the Helmholtz Association, and by the Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT). It has been further funded by the Helmholtz program \u2018Materials Systems Engineering\u2019, by the Max Planck School of Photonics, by the Karlsruhe School of Optics & Photonics (KSOP), by the Alexander von Humboldt foundation, and by the Hector Fellow Academy. E G acknowledges funding from the Simons Foundation (855344, E G). P A H acknowledges funding from Funda\u00E7\u00E3o para a Ciencia e a Tecnologia and Instituto de Telecomunica\u00E7\u00F5es under Project UIDB/50008/2020 as well as from the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation through the Ram\u00F3n y Cajal program (Grant No. RYC2021-031568-I), through Project No. PID2022-141036NA-I00 financed by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 and FSE+) and from the Mar\u00EDa de Maeztu Programme for Units of Excellence in R&D (Grant No. CEX2018-000805-M). A A\u2019s work on these topics is supported by the Department of Defense and the Simons Foundation. J B P acknowledges funding from the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation. This work was supported in part from the National Key Research and Development Program of China under Grant Nos. 2017YFA0700201, 2017YFA0700202 and 2017YFA0700203, the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant Nos. 61871127, 61735010, 61731010, 61890544, 61801117, 61722106, 61701107, 61701108, 61701246 and 61631007, the State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves, Southeast University, China (K201924), the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities under Grant No. 2242018R30001, the 111 Project under Grant No. 111-2-05, and the Fund for International Cooperation and Exchange of the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant No. 61761136007. L H acknowledges the funding provided by Beijing Outstanding Young Scientist Program (BJJWZYJH01201910007022), National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 61775019 and 92050117) program, and Fok Ying-Tong Education Foundation of China (No. 161009). J R acknowledges the POSCO-POSTECH-RIST Convergence Research Center program funded by POSCO, and the National Research Foundation (NRF) grant (NRF-2022M3C1A3081312) funded by the Ministry of Science and ICT (MSIT) of the Korean government. X L acknowledges the support from Beijing Institute of Technology Research Fund Program for Young Scholars (XSQD-201904005). T B acknowledges the Institute of Information & Communications Technology Planning & Evaluation (IITP) grant (No. 2019-0-01906, the POSTECH Artificial Intelligence Graduate School program) funded by the MSIT of the Korean government. This work is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 61771238, 61871215 and 61701246); the Fund of Prospective Layout of Scientific Research for NUAA (Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics); the Fund of Qing Lan Project of Jiangsu Province. T J C acknowledges the supports from the Basic Scientific Center of Information Metamaterials of the National Natural Science Foundation of China (62288101), the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2017YFA0700201, 2017YFA0700202, and 2017YFA0700203), the Major Project of Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province (BK20212002), and the National Natural Science Foundation of China for Basic Science Center of Information Metamaterials. A A acknowledges support from the Department of Defense, the National Science Foundation and the Simons Foundation. This work at Zhejiang University was partly sponsored by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC) under Grant Nos. 61625502, 11961141010, 61975176, 62175212 and 62171407, the Top-Notch Young Talents Program of China, the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (2021FZZX001-19), and Zhejiang University Global Partnership Fund. National Key R&D Program of China (Grant Nos. 2020YFA0211300, 2017YFA0303702) National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 11\u2009974176, 12174188), the Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions (PAPD). The authors would like to acknowledge the National Key Research and Development Program of China under Grant Nos. 2017YFA0700201, 2017YFA0700202, 2017YFA0700203 and 2018YFA0701904; the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant Nos. 61731010 and 62288101, the 111 Project under Grant No. 111-2-05, the Jiangsu Province Frontier Leading Technology Basic Research Project under Grant No. BK20212002, and the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities under Grant No. 2242022k30004. This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (62288101), National Key Research and Development Program of China (2017YFA0700201, 2017YFA0700202 and 2017YFA0700203), and Major Project of Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province (BK20212002). The authors acknowledge the National Key Research and Development Program of China under Grant Nos. 2017YFA0700201, 2017YFA0700202, 2017YFA0700203 and 2021YFA1401001, and the 111 Project under Grant No. 111-2-05, National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 62001342), Key Research and Development Program of Shaanxi (No. 2021TD-07), Outstanding Youth Science Foundation of Shaanxi Province (No. 2019JC-15). This work was supported by the National Postdoctoral Program for Innovative Talents (BX2021062), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (62101123 and 62288101), the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (2020M680062) and the Jiangsu Planned Projects for Postdoctoral Research Funds (2021K058A). This work was supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (Grant No. 2020YFA0710100), the National Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 92050102), and the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (Grant No. 20720220033). This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 61975210 and U20A20217). Y L acknowledges partial support from National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC) under Grant 62022045. Z Z acknowledges partial support from NSFC under Grant 62301162. This work was supported by the European Research Council project iCOMM (789340) and UK EPSRC (EP/W017075/1). This work is supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC) (61771237) and partially by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Technique for Manipulating Electromagnetic Waves. We acknowledge funding support from National Natural Science Foundation of China (62271139, U21A20459, 61871127), Singapore Ministry of Education (MOE2018-T2-2-189(S)), A*Star AME IRG Grant (A20E5c0095) and Programmatic Funds (A18A7b0058), National Research Foundation Singapore Competitive Research Program (NRF220 CRP22-2019-0006 and NRF-CRP23-2019-0007). This work is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (61971134, 61631007, 62071117 and 61831006), the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (2242021R41078), and the 111 Project (111-2-05). This work was supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2017YFA0700201 and 2017YFA0700203), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (61890544, 61731010 and 11874142), the National Postdoctoral Program for Innovative Talents (BX2021063), the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (2242021k30040), and the 111 Project (111-2-05). The authors acknowledge the financial support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grants 61701108 and 62288101, the National Key Research and Development Program of China under Grants 2017YFA0700201, 2017YFA0700202 and 2017YFA0700203, and the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities under Grant 2242021k30047. The authors should like to acknowledge the European Research Council (ERC) for the funding received under the European Union\u2019s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program (Grant Agreement No. 715362). This work was supported by the Australian Research Council (Grants DP200101168 and DP210101292). This work is supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2018YFA0701904, 2017YFA0700201, 2017YFA0700202 and 2017YFA0700203), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (61731010 and 62288101).enmetamaterialsmetasurfacesopticsprogrammablesspace-time202410.1088/2515-7647/ad1a3b85194080120