Prevalence of Heterophoria and Associations with Refractive Error, Heterotropia and Ethnicity in Australian School Children

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dc.contributor.authorLeone, Jody F
dc.contributor.authorCornell, Elaine
dc.contributor.authorMorgan, Ian
dc.contributor.authorMitchell, Paul
dc.contributor.authorKifley, Annette
dc.contributor.authorWang, Jie Jin
dc.contributor.authorRose, Kathryn A
dc.date.accessioned2015-12-07T22:53:16Z
dc.date.issued2010
dc.date.updated2016-02-24T11:42:25Z
dc.description.abstractAims: To establish the prevalence of heterophoria and its association with refractive error and ethnicity in a population-based study of Australian schoolchildren. Methods: The Sydney Myopia Study is a stratified, random cluster (school-based) sample of 4093 students (examined: 2003e2005). Two samples aged 6 (n=1692) and 12 years (n=2289) without heterotropia were included. Prevalent heterophoria was assessed using cover un-cover and prism bar alternate cover testing at 33 cm and 6 m distance fixation. Cycloplegic autorefraction (1% cyclopentolate) was performed. Significant refractive error was defined as ≤-0.50SE and ≥+2.00SE. Results: Exophoria was highly prevalent at near fixation (age 6: 58.3%, age 12: 52.2%). Orthophoria predominated at distance fixation (age 6: 85.4%, age 12: 90.9%). Hyperopia was associated with esophoria at near (age 6: OR 1.7, 95% CI 1.1 to 2.8, age 12: OR 2.9, CI 1.1 to 2.8) and distance fixation (age 6: OR 9.7, CI 3.5 to 26, age 12: 9.6 OR, CI 4.2 to 22). Myopia was associated with exophoria at near (OR 2.1, CI 1.5 to 2.7) and distance fixation (OR 3.1, CI 2.1 to 4.4) for 12-year-old children only. Exophoria was more frequent in children of East Asian than European Caucasian origins, even after adjusting for refraction; at near (age 6: OR 1.4, CI 1.0 to 2.0, age 12: OR 1.4, CI 1.0 to 1.9) and distance (age 12: OR 1.7, CI 1.1 to 2.7). Conclusion: Contrary to other studies, exophoria, not orthophoria, was predominant for near. Exophoria was more prevalent in children of East Asian origin. Longitudinal studies are needed to establish if incident heterotropia is preceded by heterophoria.
dc.identifier.issn1468-2079
dc.identifier.urihttp://hdl.handle.net/1885/27790
dc.publisherBMJ Publishing Group
dc.sourceBJO Online (British Journal of Ophthalmology Online)
dc.subjectKeywords: accommodation paralysis; article; child; disease association; ethnicity; exophoria; eye fixation; eye movement disorder; female; heterophoria; heterotropism; human; hypermetropia; major clinical study; male; myopia; prevalence; priority journal; refractio
dc.titlePrevalence of Heterophoria and Associations with Refractive Error, Heterotropia and Ethnicity in Australian School Children
dc.typeJournal article
local.bibliographicCitation.lastpage16
local.bibliographicCitation.startpage1
local.contributor.affiliationLeone, Jody F, University of Sydney
local.contributor.affiliationCornell, Elaine, University of Sydney
local.contributor.affiliationMorgan, Ian, College of Medicine, Biology and Environment, ANU
local.contributor.affiliationMitchell, Paul, University of Sydney
local.contributor.affiliationKifley, Annette, University of Sydney
local.contributor.affiliationWang, Jie Jin, University of Sydney
local.contributor.affiliationRose, Kathryn A, University of Sydney
local.contributor.authoremailu7401805@anu.edu.au
local.contributor.authoruidMorgan, Ian, u7401805
local.description.embargo2037-12-31
local.description.notesImported from ARIES
local.identifier.absfor111303 - Vision Science
local.identifier.absfor111301 - Ophthalmology
local.identifier.ariespublicationu8611701xPUB53
local.identifier.citationvolumeOnline First
local.identifier.doi10.1136/bjo.2009.163709
local.identifier.scopusID2-s2.0-77952219381
local.identifier.thomsonID000277374500004
local.identifier.uidSubmittedByu8611701
local.type.statusPublished Version

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