Observing Antarctic Bottom Water in the Southern Ocean

dc.contributor.authorSilvano, Alessandro
dc.contributor.authorPurkey, S. G.
dc.contributor.authorGordon, Arnold
dc.contributor.authorCastagno, Pasquale
dc.contributor.authorStewart, Andrew L
dc.contributor.authorRintoul, Stephen
dc.contributor.authorFoppert, Annie
dc.contributor.authorGunn, K
dc.contributor.authorHerraiz Borreguero, Laura
dc.contributor.authorAoki, S
dc.contributor.authorMorrison, Adele
dc.contributor.authorHogg, Andy
dc.date.accessioned2024-08-27T05:50:25Z
dc.date.available2024-08-27T05:50:25Z
dc.date.issued2023
dc.date.updated2024-04-28T08:15:47Z
dc.description.abstractDense, cold waters formed on Antarctic continental shelves descend along the Antarctic continental margin, where they mix with other Southern Ocean waters to form Antarctic Bottom Water (AABW). AABW then spreads into the deepest parts of all major ocean basins, isolating heat and carbon from the atmosphere for centuries. Despite AABW's key role in regulating Earth's climate on long time scales and in recording Southern Ocean conditions, AABW remains poorly observed. This lack of observational data is mostly due to two factors. First, AABW originates on the Antarctic continental shelf and slope where in situ measurements are limited and ocean observations by satellites are hampered by persistent sea ice cover and long periods of darkness in winter. Second, north of the Antarctic continental slope, AABW is found below approximately 2 km depth, where in situ observations are also scarce and satellites cannot provide direct measurements. Here, we review progress made during the past decades in observing AABW. We describe 1) long-term monitoring obtained by moorings, by ship-based surveys, and beneath ice shelves through bore holes; 2) the recent development of autonomous observing tools in coastal Antarctic and deep ocean systems; and 3) alternative approaches including data assimilation models and satellite-derived proxies. The variety of approaches is beginning to transform our understanding of AABW, including its formation processes, temporal variability, and contribution to the lower limb of the global ocean meridional overturning circulation. In particular, these observations highlight the key role played by winds, sea ice, and the Antarctic Ice Sheet in AABW-related processes. We conclude by discussing future avenues for observing and understanding AABW, impressing the need for a sustained and coordinated observing system.
dc.description.sponsorshipThe author(s) declare financial support was received for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article. ASi acknowledges funding from NERC (NE/V014285/1). MB, CSt, and DF acknowledge funding from the New Zealand Strategic Science Investment Fund: Antarctic Science Platform Contract ANTA1801. SR and AF were supported by the Australian Antarctic Program Partnership (AAPP) through grant funding from the Australian Government as part of the Antarctic Science Collaboration Initiative program. . EA, AJSM, MM acknowledge NERC grants NE/N018095/1 (ORCHESTRA), NE/V013254/1 (ENCORE), and NE/W004933/1 (BIOPOLE). This project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under grant agreement no. 821001. This research was supported by OCEAN:ICE, which is co-funded by the European Union, Horizon Europe Funding Programme for research and innovation under grant agreement no. 101060452 and by UK Research and Innovation. O:I Contribution number 1. FH was supported by the European Union (ERC, VERTEXSO, 101041743) and the Initiative and Networking Fund of the Helmholtz Association (Grant Number: VH-NG-19-33). WL was supported by the Korea Institute of Marine Science & Technology Promotion (KIMST) funded by the Ministry of Oceans and Fisheries (RS-2023-00256677; PM23020).
dc.format.mimetypeapplication/pdfen_AU
dc.identifier.issn2296-7745
dc.identifier.urihttps://hdl.handle.net/1885/733716002
dc.language.isoen_AUen_AU
dc.provenanceThis is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
dc.publisherFrontiers Research Foundation
dc.relationhttp://purl.org/au-research/grants/arc/SR200100008
dc.relationhttp://purl.org/au-research/grants/arc/DP190100494
dc.rights© 2023 The authors
dc.rights.licenseCreative Commons Attribution licence
dc.rights.urihttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
dc.sourceFrontiers in Marine Science
dc.subjectAntarctic Bottom Water (AABW)
dc.subjectSouthern Ocean
dc.subjectice shelves
dc.subjectocean warming
dc.subjectocean freshening
dc.subjectAntarctic sea ice
dc.subjectobservations
dc.titleObserving Antarctic Bottom Water in the Southern Ocean
dc.typeJournal article
dcterms.accessRightsOpen Access
local.contributor.affiliationSilvano, Alessandro, University of Southampton
local.contributor.affiliationPurkey, S. G., Scripps Institution of Oceanography, UCSD
local.contributor.affiliationGordon, Arnold, Columbia University
local.contributor.affiliationCastagno, Pasquale, University of Messina
local.contributor.affiliationStewart, Andrew L, University of California
local.contributor.affiliationRintoul, Stephen, University of Tasmania
local.contributor.affiliationFoppert, Annie, University of Tasmania
local.contributor.affiliationGunn, K, University of Southampton
local.contributor.affiliationHerraiz Borreguero, Laura, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation
local.contributor.affiliationAoki, S, Hokkaido University
local.contributor.affiliationMorrison, Adele, College of Science, ANU
local.contributor.affiliationHogg, Andy, RSCH Research & Innovation Portfolio, ANU
local.contributor.authoremailu3586031@anu.edu.au
local.contributor.authoruidMorrison, Adele, u3367669
local.contributor.authoruidHogg, Andy, u3586031
local.description.notesImported from ARIES
local.identifier.absfor370803 - Physical oceanography
local.identifier.ariespublicationa383154xPUB45972
local.identifier.citationvolume10
local.identifier.doi10.3389/fmars.2023.1221701
local.identifier.scopusID2-s2.0-85180526722
local.identifier.uidSubmittedBya383154
local.publisher.urlhttps://www.frontiersin.org/
local.type.statusPublished Version
publicationvolume.volumeNumber10

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