'Walking between worlds': the experiences of New Zealand Maori cross-cultural adoptees

Abstract

In New Zealand between 1955 and 1985 over 45,000 closed stranger adoptions took place. The Adoption Act 1955 promoted the closed adoption of many Indigenous Ma ̄ori children into Pa ̄keha ̄(white European) families. Such adoptions severed the ancestral, familial and cultural connections for thousands of Ma ̄ori children. Although the Adoption Act 1955 is still the current legislation in place in New Zealand, the late 1970s saw open adoption become accepted best practice. Yet it was not until 1985, with the passing of the Adult Adoption Information Act, that adult adoptees gained access to their original birth certificate that provided their birth name and the name of their birth mother. For Ma ̄ori adoptees this offered a chance to search for their birth parents. It also offered the possibility to trace the previously unknown knowledge of their tribal affiliations and Ma ̄ori cultural heritage. This article explores the narratives of six Ma ̄ori adults who were adopted into white families. Using a Ma ̄ori-centred research approach, it found that Ma ̄ori adoptees often struggled with their dual identities, feeling they were always ‘walking between worlds’, never fully belonging in either their birth or adoptive families, or fitting comfortably with either a Ma ̄ori or Pa ̄keha ̄ cultural identity.