LINE-1 Based Insertional Mutagenesis Screens to Identify Genes Involved in Embryonic Stem Cell Differentiation

Abstract

Background: Knowledge of the intrinsic properties of embryonic stem cells is essential before the possibility of using these cells for therapeutic purposes becomes a reality. Insertional mutagenesis screens are widely used to identify genes sufficient to confer a particular phenotype; however, applications of such approaches are limited to mouse models. Thus, there is a need to develop a new DNA transposon system that allows gene discovery approaches in stem cells. Methods: This study was performed to explore the possibility of using the long interspersed nuclear element 1 (LINE -1) retrotransposon as a gene trap vector to identify genes involved in the maintenance and differentiation of mouse embryonic stem cells. Results: We developed an episomal, nonviral LINE-1 retrotransposon system using the scaffold/matrix attachment regions in the backbone of our vector. This gene trap vector harbors a GFP marker whose expression occurs only after successful insertional mutagenesis. By utilizing this vector, coupled with GFP expression, we have successfully isolated four individual embryonic stem cell clones that display disrupted genes, including two known genes. We then confirmed the identity of these genes using an inverse PCR approach and verified their function in cell differentiation using shRNAs and undifferentiated markers of embryonic stem cells. Conclusions: The ease of using this insertional mutagen and the simplicity of identifying the cells with disrupted genes by GFP expression make this LINE-1 vector a promising tool for embryonic stem cell and cancer stem cell gene discovery.