Wen, Xingyan
Description
This thesis compares women's current fertility with their fertility
preferences during the period of rapid fertility decline, with special reference to
Hebei and Shaanxi provinces and Shanghai municipality in China. It explores the
gap between the government's birth control targets and couples' individual
aspirations for children, the reasons for the differences, and the policy implications.
China’s powerful government and stringent population policy played a
crucial role in the radical...[Show more] and sustained fertility decline during the 1970s. Besides
socio-economic development and the transformation of the institutions, the ideology
of the leaders, the function of all political administrative and mass organizations,
and mass movements, were the major elements in the enforcement of China's
unique population policies that resulted in a dramatic fertility decline. Significant
changes in these aspects since the post-Mao reforms offer partial explanations for
the stalling of fertility decline in the 1980s.
Empirical evidence from the three reference regions suggests that the
fertility transition occurred in China with dramatic suddenness; the radical fertility
decline was triggered by the rapid spread of the government supported family
planning program, under the direction of the mandatory population policy. This is
particularly true in largely rural regions such as Hebei and Shaanxi where the
conditions of socio-economic development were not sufficient to induce a dramatic
and sustained fertility decline.
These gaps between current fertility, desired fertility, and the government
target fertility imply that a significant part of the achieved decline in fertility may
have been caused by unwilling submission to the pressure of the government birth
control policy; thus it can be considered an unstable level of fertility. Any
relaxation of the population policy and regulations could lead to a fertility rebound. The great effort of China's family planning programs somewhat reduced
couples' demand for children, but did not change their attitudes towards 'male
superiority'. Whether or not the third or higher order births can be eliminated is
crucial to the success of the further reduction of fertility. In Hebei and Shaanxi, the
strong birth control policy overrode the influence of some major socio-economic
characteristics of women with two children to go on to bear a third child, while son
preference became the most significant factor that continued to exert a great
influence on bearing the third child even during the period of vigorous birth control
campaigns; and the overall quantitative effect of sex preference on recent fertility
is substantial. Furthermore, the high and rising overall sex ratios at birth, and the
increasing sex ratios across parities seem to be the results of the confounding effect
of son preference and rigid birth control policy.
The custom of arranged marriage remains to some extent, particularly in
some inland regions such as Shaanxi, and betrothal during the teens is still
prevalent in largely rural regions; these are among major obstacles to the
acceptance of late marriage.
Consequently, the fertility decline was accompanied by a unique pattern of
fertility control with low fertility, but relatively low contraceptive effectiveness and
high incidence of induced abortion. This implies that China did successfully control
its fertility at the society level within a short period, but not yet at the individual
level in terms of couples' voluntary control of their reproductive behaviour. In the
long term, the attainment or continuation of low and stable fertility will have to
rely more strongly on fundamental changes in socio-economic development and
some elements of the traditional culture that favour higher fertility.
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