Contribution of advection to nighttime ecosystem respiration at a mountain grassland in complex terrain

Abstract

Net ecosystem carbon dioxide (CO₂) exchange (NEE) at FLUXNET sites is typically evaluated by means of the eddy covariance technique using a set of instruments on a single tower. However, in complex terrain,such as mountain areas, and during nighttime atmospheric conditions, with low turbulent mixing and stable stratification, this approach is known to underestimate the nighttime NEE and thus bias longer-term carbon balances. This study reports on the quantification of advection at a subalpine grassland site in Northern Italy (2160 m asl) situated in complex mountainous terrain. We show that different published methods for indirectly or directly accounting for advection resulted in a large divergence in the annual carbon balance. Advection, and in particular the horizontal term, reached non negligible values during nighttime and its inclusion in the CO₂ conservation equation increased NEE by a factor of two.NEE calculated by taking into account all terms (NEEacmb), i.e. turbulent exchange, change in storage and advection of CO₂, matched the approach based on the after-sunset maximum in the vertical turbulentflux and change in the storage of CO₂ and ecosystem respiration measured by automated chambers.Accounting for advection led to a 169% change in the annual carbon budget, turning the ecosystem from a sink (−108 gCm⁻²y⁻¹) to a source (75 gCm⁻²y⁻¹) of CO₂.