Fallon, Stewart John
Description
This research centers on the extraction of environmental
information stored in the calcium carbonate skeletons of corals
(Porites) and coralline sponges (Astrosclera willeyana).
Elemental variations are measured in these samples using laser
ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. During
this project, techniques were refined and developed to
quantitatively measure major (B, Mg, Sr, Ba, U) and minor (Mn,
Zn, Pb, REE’s) elemental abundances in...[Show more] corals and coralline
sponges.
This method was used to extract seasonal records from a high
latitude coral living at its limits of cold-water tolerance in
Japan. Seasonal cycles of major elements (B, Mg, Sr, U) were
calibrated against in situ instrumental temperature monitors.
Calibrations were in good agreement with other published reports.
This coral also recorded wind-induced upwelling (both annual and
El Niño related) by increases in the Ba/Ca ratio. The trace
element annual patterns and slow growth rate also indicated that
this coral had very slow/no extension during the cold winter
months when water temperature was below 18 oC.
Cores from Porites sp. coral colonies were also collected from
inshore, mid-shelf and outer reef localities (central Great
Barrier Reef) to test the robustness of the major elemental SST
and runoff proxies (B/Ca, Mg/Ca, Sr/Ca, Ba/Ca, U/Ca). The inshore
reefs selected for this study are heavily influenced by river
runoff whereas the mid-reef and outer-reef locations are not. It
is shown that Ba/Ca provides an excellent proxy for river runoff.
Time series analyses of Sr/Ca, U/Ca, B/Ca and Mg/Ca are compared
to in situ sea surface temperature (SST) and/or IGOSS NMC weekly
satellite SST to provide calibrations for these elements.
Previous workers have noted differences in the calibration of
Sr/Ca vs. SST; this LA-ICP-MS dataset shows a slight variation
between different corals. This suggests small-scale intra- coral
variability. Both the U/Ca and Mg/Ca have calibrations within
error for mid-shelf and outer reef corals but the calibrations
differ for the inshore corals. Sr/Ca and B/Ca appear to be the
most robust of the elemental temperature proxies in terms of
recording water temperature. Measurements of coral manganese
suggest a seasonal cycle closely linked to solar radiation and
wind. Increased solar radiation may increase the dissolved
seawater Mn that result in corals having elevated concentrations
of Mn during the summer.
The use of corals as recorders of marine pollution was examined
on the island of Misima in Papua New Guinea where open-cut gold
mining commenced in 1989. This mining caused increased
sedimentation affecting the nearby fringing coral reef to varying
degrees, causing coral mortality (complete suffocation) in some
areas. This sediment is made up of completely weathered quartz
feldspar, greenstone and schist. These rocks have distinct
chemical constituents (rare earth elements [REE], zinc and lead
etc.), which are entering the near-shore environment in
considerably higher than normal concentrations. Eight coral
colonies (2 from high sedimentation, 2 transitional, 2 minor and
2 unaffected control sites) were analyzed for Mn, Y, La, Ce, Zn
and Pb. All sites show low steady “background” levels prior
to the commencement of mining. After mine construction began in
1988, all sites aside from the control show dramatic increases of
Mn, Y, La, and Ce associated with the increased sedimentation. Zn
and Pb increase after 1989 when ore processing began. The
concentration of these elements in these corals decreases as the
distance from the mine increases. Rare earth elements (REE)
measured in two corals suggest a pattern different from
“normal” seawater. When the coral REE pattern is compared to
seawater an enrichment of the light and middle REE’s appear.
The heavy REE’s are depleted relative to the seawater pattern.
This suggests the nearshore seawater REE’s are influenced by
island weathering.
Coralline sponges have been proposed as a new source of tropical
paleoclimatic information. Profiles of d 13 C in coralline
sponges have documented (better and more accurately than corals)
the atmospheric increase of 12 C associated with increased fossil
fuel consumption. Due to their very slow growth rates ~0.2 mm yr
-1 sponges are better suited to recording and providing long-term
environmental information rather than annual information. These
sponges appear to smooth the record stored in their skeleton by
adding secondary aragonite near the base of the living tissue
layer. This smoothing limits their use as annual environmental
recorders but still enables their use for decadal or longer
environmental fluctuations. Smoothed records of Sr/Ca from five
sponges around the Southwest Pacific suggest that these sponges
are able to capture 5 yr. and longer seawater temperature
anomalies over the past 50-200 years. The temperature sensitivity
of Sr/Ca in sponges is 7 to 12 times larger than corals with
~0.7-0.9 mmol/mol DSr/Ca per oC for sponges compared to ~0.07
mmol/mol DSr/Ca per oC for corals.
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