Missed opportunities: GRB 211211A and the case for continual gravitational-wave coverage with a single observatory

Abstract

Gamma-ray burst GRB 211211A may have been the result of a neutron star merger at asymptotic to 350 Mpc. Ho we ver, none of the LIGO- Virgo detectors were operating at the time. We show that the gra vitational-wa ve signal from a GRB 211211A-like binary neutron star inspiral in the next LIGO-Virgo-KAGRA observing run (O4) would be below the conventional detection threshold, ho we ver a coincident gamma-ray burst observation would provide necessary information to claim a statistically significant multimessenger observation. We calculate that with O4 sensitivity, approximately 11 per cent of gamma-ray bursts within 600 Mpc will produce a confident association between the gra vitational-wa ve binary neutron star inspiral signature and the prompt gamma-ray signature. This corresponds to a coincident detection rate of 0 . 22(-0.22)(+8.3) yr(-1), where the uncertainties are the 90 per cent confidence intervals arising from uncertainties in the absolute merger rate, beaming and jet-launching fractions. These increase to approximately 34 per cent and 0.71(-0.70)(+26.8) yr(-1) with proposed O5 sensitivity. We show that the abo v e numbers do not depend significantly on the number of gra vitational-wa ve observatories operating with the specific sensitivity. That is, the number of confident joint gamma-ray burst and gravitational-wave detections is only marginally improved with two or three detectors operating compared to a single detector. It is therefore worth considering whether one detector with sufficient sensitivity (post O4) should remain in sky-watch mode at all times to elucidate the true nature of GRB 211211A-like events, a proposal we discuss in detail. Show more